tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-32022067561229823602024-03-06T01:07:43.618-05:00South From the North WoodsThe words, images, and landscape of the 1862 Maryland CampaignJim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.comBlogger212125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-46390732160535343392023-05-11T14:44:00.000-04:002023-05-11T14:44:22.095-04:00The Artillery of Antietam<p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><o:p></o:p><p></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGAi0jUt61boL2u5N8T4HAuJ_N7WXe6iuLPEOcV4BLNLqtfJSBcPPgNp562zYD9wGlckYSCKZSrCcqOof23g15W-dNCt3i0-KhXmF2MENf_p4hwLI_KlRbOuVqaBZfxyVjZPRZfVB1QQ5C5iwiBGCKVjeuzOiKtPChj1cPNivsSWMULoxT58Y-yqm82w/s1446/The%20Artillery%20of%20Antietam%20cover.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1446" data-original-width="1124" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGAi0jUt61boL2u5N8T4HAuJ_N7WXe6iuLPEOcV4BLNLqtfJSBcPPgNp562zYD9wGlckYSCKZSrCcqOof23g15W-dNCt3i0-KhXmF2MENf_p4hwLI_KlRbOuVqaBZfxyVjZPRZfVB1QQ5C5iwiBGCKVjeuzOiKtPChj1cPNivsSWMULoxT58Y-yqm82w/s320/The%20Artillery%20of%20Antietam%20cover.png" width="249" /></a></div><br />A lot of time has gone by since I published my last post. In that time a number of Antietam guides (myself included) and local community leaders in Sharpsburg organized the<span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;"> </span><a href="https://antietaminstitute.org" style="color: #954f72; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">Antietam Institute</a><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">, </span><span style="background: white; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">a member centered organization with a mission to educate the public on the critical importance of the Battle of Antietam and the 1862 Maryland Campaign: a major turning point of the Civil War that resulted directly in the Emancipation Proclamation. </span><p></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">One of the objectives of the Institute was to add to the scholarship of the Maryland Campaign. In 2021, we published our first book, edited by Brad Gottfried but written by quite a few Antietam rangers, guides, and volunteers titled<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>The</i> <i>Brigades of Antietam</i>. The book is a study of every infantry and cavalry brigade that fought in the Maryland Campaign. We originally planned to include the artillery in the book but realized that it would be too big for one book. I have done a great deal of research on the regular artillery and I offered to write this book.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">My book, <i>The Artillery of Antietam</i> was published in April. It is<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>a comprehensive examination of <i>every</i> Federal and Confederate artillery battery (135 in all), and their commanders, the six batteries of Federal artillery that fought at Harpers Ferry. The book is organized into 35 chapters (19 US and 16 CS) that address the artillery batteries in each infantry and cavalry division, and the reserve artillery battalions. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">The actions covered in the book include the skirmishes between the Federal and Confederate horse artillery batteries during the advance into Maryland, the battles of South Mountain, Harpers Ferry, Antietam, and Shepherdstown, and the final skirmish at Williamsport.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">I will have more to say down the road but wanted to let anyone out there who occasionally looks for this blog to know that I am back.</span></p><style class="WebKit-mso-list-quirks-style">
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</style>Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-86523378231905269002020-04-02T08:12:00.000-04:002020-04-02T08:12:10.812-04:00June Will Come<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihg4_IA9xTO9C_ZVXtqVUvupe9R_C3ae6gcL0G3fuHN-2RKz7IgT-Zf8d4oPtwxd8vGjPQsbk7nngsCqtWPuc2lTQZB36wQAcfwEsYiLM9dm52dG82z0q14xbxyIc-jdiMUlUTp4fYoGGr/s1600/gettyimages-1214527869_wide-d6c770876dc1024c54409a1fe0233009acd2b890.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="787" data-original-width="1400" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEihg4_IA9xTO9C_ZVXtqVUvupe9R_C3ae6gcL0G3fuHN-2RKz7IgT-Zf8d4oPtwxd8vGjPQsbk7nngsCqtWPuc2lTQZB36wQAcfwEsYiLM9dm52dG82z0q14xbxyIc-jdiMUlUTp4fYoGGr/s320/gettyimages-1214527869_wide-d6c770876dc1024c54409a1fe0233009acd2b890.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">This moment in time that we are living in reminds me of the days after Pearl Harbor. I wasn’t around then for sure, but I have studied that period of our history very much. For weeks after December 7<sup>th</sup>, Americans heard about the terrible damage done to the Navy at Pearl Harbor and the losses of Wake, and Guam to the enemy. By April only the Philippines remained, held against overwhelming odds by beleaguered, American soldiers, sailors and airmen. Some feared that an enemy invasion fleet would appear off the west coast at any moment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">We are now in the April of our own crisis. We hear projections of a level of deaths like World War. In the short term we fight on but there is more discouraging news still to come and more dark days ahead for us. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">In May of 1942, Corregidor fell.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">The American aircraft carrier USS Lexington was sunk at Coral Sea and another carrier, the USS Yorktown was badly damaged and all but written off as it limped back to Pearl Harbor.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">But behind the scenes, American codebreakers have cracked the enemy’s naval code. The USS Yorktown is put back into service, not in months but in hours. The American industrial base is starting to warm up. Americans tightened their belts, ration supplies, join the military, work the factories-men and women, young and old of all races and creeds. Helen Longstreet, the 77 year old widow of Confederate general James Longstreet's riveted airplanes at the Bell Aircraft plant in Atlanta. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">In this crisis of our generation, we have not turned the ship yet, but it is starting to turn. Paramedics and first responders at great risk continue to serve us. In hospitals, nurses, doctors and staff fight on against great odds with inadequate supplies and equipment. We are turning empty buildings into hospitals. Hospital ships are docked at our biggest cities. FEMA is finding medical supplies, literally all over the world. Ford and GM will start making ventilators, testing kits that can rapidly diagnose COVID are being innovated in record time. There are already test groups of recovered from COVID volunteering to help with additional medical research. Essential employees continue to work. Most Americans follow the stay at home and social distancing ordered in their respective states. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Imagine living thru the first months of 1942. What must it have felt like in April when everything seemed to be going wrong. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">And then June came. A victory at Midway, not the beginning of the end but the end of the beginning. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">For us today in early April, June is long way off. There is more bad news and sadness ahead. But June will come. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-25529912211384552712020-02-10T15:30:00.000-05:002020-02-10T15:46:10.945-05:00Under Fire in Mexico - Light Company K, First Artillery at Churubusco <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Churubusco Convent</td></tr>
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The terror, pandemonium, noise, and ever-present likelihood of horrific injuries or death are the constant companions of artillerymen under fire. Whether the gunners stood by their howitzers with Stephen Lee on the Dunker Church plateau or with Joseph Clark’s rifled guns on the ridge west of the Burnside Bridge, the artillerymen have to take it. William Graham’s Light Company K, First Artillery made a similar stand at the Sunken Road. They too had to stand and take it.<o:p></o:p></div>
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One of the most vivid descriptions of artillerymen under fire that I have found, comes not from the Civil War, but from the Mexican War. Fifteen years earlier in August of 1847, Light Company K was under a similar ferocious fire at the Battle of Churubusco, one of the bloodiest battles of the Mexican War. At Churubusco, it was a different captain, different lieutenants and different enlisted men but the end result was the same. The men stood by their guns. There was no place to go. They too had to stand and take it.<o:p></o:p></div>
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We have vivid first-hand accounts of this bloody fight from James Martin and Edward Boynton, two lieutenants who served with the battery at Churubusco. Their stories are found in William Haskin’s epic regimental history, <i>The First Regiment of Artillery</i>, [Portland Maine: B. Thurston and Company, 1879]. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">James Martin</td></tr>
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James G. Martin was born at Elizabeth City North Carolina on February 14, 1819. He graduated from West Point in 1840 with William Tecumseh Sherman and George Thomas. In July of 1846, Martin, now 27, joined Company K which was then assigned to Zachary Taylor’s army. Martin’s first battle was at Monterey on September 21, 1846. In February 1847, he moved with Light Company K to join Winfield Scott’s army at Vera Cruz.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Edward Boynton was born on February 1, 1824 at Windsor Vermont. He entered West Point in 1841, the year after Martin graduated. Boynton graduated in 1846 and was immediately sent to Mexico as a brevet second lieutenant in Light Company A, Second Artillery. He served in that unit with Lieutenants Henry Hunt and William Hays, future artillery commanders of the Army of the Potomac. In April 1847, Boynton fought with Company A at Cerro Gordo. In July of 1847, he was promoted to second lieutenant and reassigned to Light Company K. Boynton was 23 years old.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>The Officers of Light Company K<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Edward Boynton paints an interesting image of the officers of the Light Company K: <o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Edward Boynton</td></tr>
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[Captain Francis Taylor (USMA 1825) age 42 from Virginia] “lived and died a devoted Episcopalian. He was a strict disciplinarian and a thorough paper officer He delighted in frequent drills and long ones, but he was not an artillery student and not a modern soldier in his ideas. Like many of the older officers of that day he belonged to the leather-stock epoch, but he was a genial companion and a very agreeable commanding officer.”<a href="applewebdata://FBBF6636-E0F8-4244-A136-9EAADA4045E0#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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[First Lieutenant William Mackall (USMA 1837) age 31 from Maryland] “was a quiet officer but possessed of enthusiasm and dash when the occasion required it. He soon accepted an appointment as an assistant adjutant general and was succeeded by Lieutenant [William] French (USMA 1837 from Maryland] age 32] who as a battery officer, was a soldier and a superior one.” <o:p></o:p></div>
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[First Lieutenant James G. Martin (USMA 1840) age 27 from North Carolina] “was like Taylor, devoutly pious, and did his duty because it was his duty and did it thoroughly.” <o:p></o:p></div>
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[Second Lieutenant Thomas J. Jackson (USMA 1846) age 23 from Virginia] “both as my cadet classmate and as an associate officer, was a pious, hard-working, plodding, perspiring, and very eccentric man. There was not a trait about him which indicated future greatness, and to his religious fanaticism more than to anything else must be attributed the enthusiasm with which inspired his followers in after days which have embalmed his memory in the hearts of the southern people. He possessed great reserve of endurance, perseverance, and patience-qualities which enabled him to wield despotic influence over his men. Tall and awkward, stiff and ungraceful in deportment, he was a perfect stranger to pleasure, recreations, and humorous enjoyment of any kind or description. Nervous in manner, quick and jerky in speech, his constant repetition of ‘very good, very good’ words also repeated by him on his death-bed-was equivalent to the phrase most of us employ when we say, ‘all right; go ahead’.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Both Mackall and Jackson transferred out of Light Company K before the Battle of Churubusco. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The Battle of Churubusco was the second action fought on August 20, 1847. In the early morning hours, American forces surprised and routed a Mexican column at the village of Padierna (Contreras) sending it flying back toward the gates of Mexico City. American forces led by General David Twiggs followed in reckless, headlong pursuit. Failing to thoroughly recon the path ahead, the Americans did not appreciate the formidable strength of the next Mexican position at Churubusco and the absolute determination of the Mexicans, who included American deserters of the San Patricio battalion, to hold there. Twigg’s didn’t give his engineers who included Isaac Stevens, Gustavus Smith and George McClellan the time to adequately scout the way ahead. The men of Light Company K paid dearly for this neglect. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Company K’s approach to Churubusco<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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We now follow the accounts of Edward Boynton and James Martin.<o:p></o:p></div>
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[Edward Boynton:] “By 2 o’clock [p.m. August 20] our division was formed afresh and, with the rifle regiment leading, followed by battery K, the whole command moved out straight for the city. The road was smooth, bordered by aloes or cultivated field, and a short march brought us to San Angel. A few shots here from flying stragglers brought us to a halt, while a party was sent by General Twiggs to "brush em away." … the company of engineers was sent on ahead down the road to aid in hunting up the cause of the mischief. We did not know of any force at a stand between us and the city [Mexico City] which was distant only two or 3 miles from where we were then halted. Very soon Lieutenant [Isaac] Stevens of the engineers, who had accompanied the company of engineers down the road in front, returned on foot, and in my presence reported to Gen. Smith, “there is a barricade across the road in front of us mounting <i>one gun</i>.“ Thereupon the First Artillery [fighting as infantry] next behind our battery was ordered to the left to move parallel with the road and flank the barricade, at the same time we were ordered to move on straight down the road.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>The Formidable Mexican Position<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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[James Martin]: “Capt. Taylor was ordered to go with some engineer officer - I think Lieut. Stevens - to put his battery in position against the enemy's batteries. Capt. Taylor made no examination of the position which was designated by the engineer officer, nor of the battery he was to oppose, but galloped up into a wheat field in the outskirts of the village, came into battery and commenced firing, before I, or any other officer of the battery, knew what we were to fire at. To my utter amazement I found we were opposed to a stone wall pierced for artillery, with guns in position of much heavier caliber than ours, behind which wall was a stone church loopholed for infantry. The church and steeple were filled with sharpshooters, not more than two hundred and fifty yards away.<o:p></o:p></div>
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[Edward Boynton]: “We were in front of a large stone church only 200 yards distant, with a regular bastioned and curtained field work in front mounting seven guns one of which, mounted <i>en barbette</i> in front the enemy's left bastion, made up that "one gun" which raked the road by which we advanced. The church top, the inside, and the scaffoldings around the building were alive with infantry and a heavy force crouched in the field work… We were so near that we could see the enemy draw rammer and bite the cartridge. “<b><i>By section, right wheel</i></b>, “brought us into an open barley field on our right, the growth being three or 4 inches high. “<b><i>In battery</i></b> “followed. We fired very rapidly, but of course with little or no effect, while their fire on us was destructive. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Lieutenant Martin Wounded<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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[James Martin]: “The night of the 19th had been decidedly cold, and, though the sun had risen bright and warm, I had not taken off my overcoat when we reached Churubusco, and still had it on when I was wounded… I cannot say how long we were in this position before I was struck on the right arm, midway between the elbow and shoulder, with a grape-shot, as I sat on my horse between my two guns. I galloped at once to Capt. Taylor to report my condition and left the field a few hundred yards to a sheltered spot, where a regiment of infantry had been placed as a guard to our battery. Here I was assisted to dismount by an officer whose name, I regret to say, I cannot now recall, and immediately fainted. As I left the battery and before reaching the infantry, I met Boynton on foot going toward the battery, he having been left to make some disposition of the caissons, and then to join the battery. I was wounded about noon, and it was not till about sunset that my arm was amputated.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Private Andrew Walker’s horrific injury<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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[Edward Boynton]: “Martin lost his right arm at the outset. He rode to the rear pale and faint, but otherwise making no sign. I took command of his section. For one hour and twenty minutes we stood that heavy artillery and infantry fire before anybody had sense enough to order us away; Seventeen horses and twenty-two men made up the loss, but the surprise of those who did not know that so many of the enemy's shot passed over us was great to find that any of us had escaped. The barley field was soft from recent plowing and the rain of the night before, and French ordered me to fire grape shot at the infantry on the top of the church. In doing this the recoil of the guns sent the end of the trail down deep in the earth so that the guns fired over the church-too high. As the men who sought to depress the gun did not succeed, I dismounted and endeavored to work the elevating screw myself. I was at the left piece of the left section. The men cheered and worked lively, and as the gun on my right was discharged, Patrick Walker, "number one" at my piece, had his attention diverted and hearing the report behind him sprang in to insert his sponge, thinking it was his own gun just discharged. At this instant "number 3" at my piece fired, and the sponge and Walker's two hands were blown away by the discharge.”<a href="applewebdata://FBBF6636-E0F8-4244-A136-9EAADA4045E0#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Lieutenant Boynton Wounded<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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[Edward Boynton]: “While I was yet endeavoring to depress the muzzle of the gun, a heavy musket ball entered my right thigh and I fell backward. Upon attempting to rise I found I had no control over the right leg. Looking about me, Taylor and French were in their places, the former motionless and fixed in his saddle. I called out that I was down, to which Taylor replied, "take care of yourself if you can." Turning over on my hands and knees I found I could go on all fours, and in that way, I paddled to the rear. A ditch of water in lieu of a fence encircled the field on three sides, and the shot covered me with dirt and splinters of the maguey plant as I sought to cross the ditch. An overhanging tree gave me a chance to swing myself over, and as I did so I saw First Serg't Martin in the water, almost submerged, and suffering from the loss of his leg. Assuring him of assistance I crawled on until I encountered a deserted adobe ranch and sheltered by its walls, I awaited the lessening of the fire. Three men from the 3d infantry soon came up and I sent them after Serg't Martin.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i>Insights<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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Martin’s and Boynton’s words evoke powerful images - Lieutenant Martin himself, pale and faint, the sleeve of his wrecked arm in his teeth, struggling to stay on his horse as he canters to the rear; the screams of Private Walker as he looks in horror at the stumps of his two mangled hands, Lieutenant Boynton with a terrible wound to the thigh, on hands and knees, “paddling to the rear;” and First Sergeant Martin nearly submerged in a ditch minus a leg waiting rescue. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Artillery fights are gruesome affairs. At Churubusco, Light Company K hurried forward with inadequate intelligence and little idea of what to expect. Told by Lieutenant Isaac Stevens to expect just one gun ahead, they found instead a veritable fortress of artillery and infantry hunkered down in a stone walled convent. Mostly impervious to the light artillery rounds fired by Company K, the Mexican defenders including the fanatical San Patricios inflicted horrible casualties on the gunner of company K. Captain Taylor claims in his report that his gunners were able to clear the walls and roofs of enemy sharpshooters. However, the shot of his six-pound guns and twelve-pound howitzers never pierced the solid walls of the convent. It would take infantry to root out the defenders and capture the building. The men and officers stood gamely at their pieces exposed in a barley field, before, as Lieutenant Boynton said, “anybody had sense enough to order us away.” The casualty count tells the story. Two privates were killed, and two officers (Lieutenants Martin and Boynton), two sergeants, one corporal and 17 men were wounded. 14 horses were killed, and several others wounded. Among the officers, only Captain Taylor and Lieutenant French escaped injury.<a href="applewebdata://FBBF6636-E0F8-4244-A136-9EAADA4045E0#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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The artillery drill is a complex, technical process. That is why the officers and sergeants of the artillery constantly drilled their gun platoons. On the battlefield, the gunners have to recall the drill thoroughly and remain totally focused above the deafening roar of the battle. The adrenalin was pumping. Private Walker “had his attention diverted” and thought his own gun had fired. That he couldn’t differentiate that it wasn’t his gun that fired, attests to the deafening noise of the battlefield surrounding him. Firmly gripping the sponge, Walker rammed it down the barrel as the gunner behind him pulled the lanyard. The discharge of the gun shattered the Walker’s hands and sent the broken sponge fragments flying down range. On the deadly realm of the battlefield, taking his eye off the ball for just a moment crippled the young Irishman for life. Miraculously he survived. Captain Taylor, like all good artillery officers “delighted in frequent drills and long ones.” It is easier to understand why. <o:p></o:p></div>
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After recovering, Boynton went to West Point as a chemistry instructor. He resigned from the army in 1856 and earned an advanced degree in chemistry from Brown University. Following that, he became a professor at the University of Mississippi. Boynton, a Vermonter, was fired from his position in 1861 for "evincing a want of attachment to the Government of the Confederate States." When dismissed, he was not allowed to return north until he promised on his honor, that he would not take active service in the field. Boynton declined volunteer appointments as colonel of both the 2nd and 6th Vermont Infantry Regiments feeling this would violate his oath. Instead he accepted a reappointment in the regular army as a captain in the 11th US Infantry Regiment and returned to West Point spending the war years as quartermaster of the Academy and later as the adjutant. He resigned from the Army in 1872. Boynton became the superintendent of the Newburgh Water Works in New York and authored a history of West Point and several papers on chemistry. He died in 1893. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Martin earned the sobriquet “old one wing” from his wounding in Mexico. He remained in Mexico until November 1847 when his wound was sufficiently healed to travel. Martin had been promoted to a captaincy in the quartermaster’s department before he was wounded. He served on quartermaster duty at Fort Monroe and other locations until June of 1861 when he resigned from the U.S. Army after North Carolina seceded. Martin was appointed a brigadier general in the North Carolina militia and was instrumental in outfitting the newly forming regiments as they mustered in. He later was appointed a brigadier general in the Confederate Army and held brigade or district level commands, mostly in the Department of North Carolina. He was among the last Confederate officers to surrender. Martin was penniless at the end of the war. He studied law and opened a practice in Asheville where he died on October 4, 1878. D.H. Hill once said of his fellow North Carolinian <span style="background-color: white;">"The man [James Green Martin] thus trusted was a one-armed veteran of the Mexican war, a rigid disciplinarian, thoroughly trained in office work, and not only systematic but original in his plans. The State has never fully appreciated, perhaps never known, the importance of the work done for it by this undemonstrative, thoroughly efficient officer."</span><a href="applewebdata://FBBF6636-E0F8-4244-A136-9EAADA4045E0#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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William Graham was 13 years old in 1847 when Captain Taylor took his battery into action at Churubusco. Like Taylor, Graham’s men 15 years later, inflicted severe damage on enemy infantry in the Sunken Road and rebel artillery in Piper’s peach orchard. The Federals in turn endured the galling and deadly fire of Confederate rifled artillery on the Reel Ridge that was out of range of their Napoleons. General Israel Richardson was among Graham’s guns when he was mangled by a shell fragment and fell mortally wounded. Graham reported that his officers and men fought superbly. His losses of four men killed, five severely wounded, 17 horses killed, and 6 horses wounded were severe. Like their forefathers at Churubusco, the new generation of gunners at Antietam had to stand and take it.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Only one Light Company K veteran of Churubusco was anywhere near the Sunken Road of Antietam, fifteen years later. That officer described by Lieutenant Boynton in Mexico “as a battery officer…a soldier and a superior one, was William French. In 1853 French was promoted to captain and commanded Light Company K for 8 years. At the beginning of the Civil War, he was appointed a brigadier general of volunteers. French commanded an infantry brigade on the Peninsula and now led an infantry division of the Second Corps at Antietam. One wonders if he had a moment in the Sunken Road to think about his old command just a few yards east of him and his own day under fire at Churubusco so many years ago. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="applewebdata://FBBF6636-E0F8-4244-A136-9EAADA4045E0#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> Taylor took a particular interest in Thomas Jackson and it was his example as a devoted Christian which inspired the young Virginian. Taylor and Jackson remained close until Taylor’s death in 1858.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="applewebdata://FBBF6636-E0F8-4244-A136-9EAADA4045E0#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Number four usually fires the piece. Possibly the gun was shorthanded and number three was doing double duty. Patrick Walker was born at Westmeath Ireland in 1820. After immigrating to the United States, he enlisted on December 3, 1846 at Boston Massachusetts. Miraculously Walker survived his terrible injury and was discharged with a pension on October 27, 1847. Source:<span style="background-color: white; color: #1d1d1d;"> Record Group 94, National Archives; </span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #1d1d1d; font-size: 10pt;">Registers of Enlistments in the United States Army, compiled 1798 - 1914</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="applewebdata://FBBF6636-E0F8-4244-A136-9EAADA4045E0#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> Taylor’s report is found in <i>History of the First Regiment of Artillery</i> page 109<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="applewebdata://FBBF6636-E0F8-4244-A136-9EAADA4045E0#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color: #954f72;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> <a href="http://www.thomaslegion.net/martin.html" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif;">http://www.thomaslegion.net/martin.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "calibri light" , sans-serif;"> accessed December 19, 2019, </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-43269409870967317302019-12-04T07:23:00.001-05:002019-12-04T07:23:11.287-05:00To Useful to Sacrifice<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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There has been a great need for an objective analysis of the leadership of General George B. McClellan during the Maryland Campaign. While Joseph Harsh in his seminal work <i>Taken at the Flood</i> (Kent State University Press, 1999) treats McClellan objectively, the focus is on Robert E. Lee. <i>McClellan’s War</i> (Indiana University Press, 2005) by Ethan Rafuse is an outstanding biography of the Union commander but space does not permit a detailed treatment of the many assertions that have sprung up in the past 150 years about McClellan’s leadership and command ability, especially during the Maryland Campaign.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Historians almost unanimously grant McClellan a level of brilliance as an organizer. Having gotten that out of the way, they immediately launch into the usual gratuitous criticisms of the general that we hear so often. He had the slows. Special Order 191 was a great intelligence coup that McClellan failed to capitalize on. McClellan’s minor victory at South Mountain is merely a prequel to the gigantic and bloody “draw “at Antietam three days later. For that matter, why didn't McClellan attack on the 15<sup>th</sup> or 16th of September? What about those thousands of reserves timidly held by Fitz-John Porter in the center of the Union line that should have been put in to crush Robert E. Lee once and for all? Why didn’t McClellan totally destroy the rebel army the next day? Finally, there are almost six weeks of inactivity when McClellan did nothing but whine about the lack of supplies. The litany goes on and on. As a battlefield guide at Antietam, I continually encounter visitors who harbor at least one of these notions about George B. McClellan. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Steve Stotelmyer takes on all of these assertions and more. He gives us an opportunity to rethink our assessment of this controversial Union commander in his new book <i>To Useful to Sacrifice – Reconsidering George B. McClellan’s Generalship in the Maryland Campaign from South Mountain to Antietam</i> (Savas Beatie 2019).<o:p></o:p></div>
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This is not a comprehensive treatment of the Maryland Campaign. For that you should read <i>The Maryland Campaign of 1862, </i>(Savas Beatie 2010, 2012,2017), Ezra Carmen’s magnificent three volume history of the campaign edited by Tom Clemens. Another great treatment is Scott Hartwig’s <i>To Antietam Creek</i> (Johns Hopkins 2012). What Steve offers are five thought-provoking essays each about 50 pages in length. Each essay addresses a major theme of the campaign. They are chronological beginning with the September 13 discovery of the Lost Orders to the relief of McClellan by the Lincoln administration on November 7, 1862. Fifteen excellent maps by Brad Gottfried accompany the narrative and numerous photographs and sketches appear throughout the book. There are over 150 primary and 100 secondary sources used by the author to support his positions. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Stotelmyer’s approach is clear and easy to follow. For each issue, he states the perspectives or concept that are generally accepted by the Civil War community. Then and this is important, he provides the source of that idea. What is the basis or foundation for this belief? It is not surprising that much of the stuff comes from the superheated rhetoric of the 1864 presidential campaign when Little Mac stood for election to the presidency against the tall rail-splitter from Illinois. Then using primary sources, Stotelmyer offers solid facts and logical summaries that should prompt us to at least reconsider our own belief in the validity of the original assertion. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The essay titles alone should motivate you to read this book. Chapter 1 is titled “Fallacies Regarding the Lost Orders.” Chapter 2 is “Antietam The Sequel of South Mountain.” Chapter 3 is “All the Injury Possible the True ‘Prelude’ to Antietam.” Chapter 4 is “General John Pope at Antietam and the Politics of General Fitz-John Porter’s Reserves.” Lastly, Chapter 5 is “Supplies and Demand: The Demise of General McClellan.” <o:p></o:p></div>
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In the following paragraphs, I will only attempt to relate one or two key takeaways from each essay. In doing so, I hope to demonstrate the detail and authority that Steve uses to make his points. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In Chapter 1, Stotelmyer addresses the discovery of the Lost Orders. He paints a vivid picture of the chaotic scene as the Second and Ninth Corps converged on Fredericktown on September 13, 1862 and the ensuing huge traffic jam in the center of town. It is against this hectic backdrop that Sergeant John Bloss and Private Barton Mitchell discover a copy of Lee’s orders. It is important to understand this perspective as we consider this important moment. Stotelmyer convincingly asserts that the finding of the Lost Orders was not the singular event it is made out to be and in fact the discovery coincided with other events already set in motion by McClellan that reversed Lee’s fortunes. The author demonstrates through primary sources that McClellan’s movements during the campaign were not slow and the discovery of the orders in no way hastened the advance of Little Mac’s army. There is much more here. Stotelmyer authenticates the fact that within one hour after receiving Special Order 191, he had a copy of the order transcribed and sent to Pleasonton, his cavalry commander, with orders to determine its validity. Just 35 minutes later, orders were on the way to General Jacob Cox’s infantry division to support Pleasonton. I am just scratching the surface. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter 2 is largely a treatment of the events of September 14 and the Battle of South Mountain. One key takeaway for me was the effect of Henry Halleck’s orders of September 12, 1862 for McClellan to assume command of the garrison at Harpers Ferry. Both Halleck and General Wool previously forbade Colonel Dixon Miles, the hapless Harpers Ferry commander from withdrawing or moving to Maryland Heights. McClellan received the order too late and had no flexibility to move Miles command for now Stonewall Jackson’s columns had already converged on the doomed garrison. Halleck’s order complicated McClellan’s campaign objective of preventing the invasion of Pennsylvania for now he had to mount an effort to relieve the beleaguered garrison. The result was McClellan’s two column movement toward Rohrersville and Boonsboro by way of Crampton’s and Turner’s gap which resulted in the Battle of South Mountain. Stotelmyer is one of the foremost experts on the South Mountain battlefield. The remainder of the chapter presents a concise and informative account of the fighting there. He ends by suggesting that perhaps “South Mountain should be considered more catalyst than antecedent, and the battle of Antietam more of a consequence.” That is something to think about.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter 3 is an account of the September 15 pursuit of Robert E. Lee by the Union Army, after its victory at South Mountain. Stotelmyer uses a style reminiscent of Joe Harsh’s treatment of Robert E. Lee in <i>Taken at the Flood</i>. On this usually overlooked day, the reader accompanies the Young Napoleon over South Mountain through Boonsboro to Keedysville to his final stop at his forward command post at the Pry House. Dispatches from Alfred Pleasonton, Joe Hooker, Ambrose Burnside, Fitz-John Porter and William Franklin paint a vivid picture of the events along the way. Not all his corps or wing commanders perform as he hopes. The day that began with a feeling that the rebels were fleeing ignonimously ends with the realization that Lee has made a stand in the hills across the Antietam. Not only is this a very powerful account but it is full of details of the movements and decision made by the Union commander that set up the events of the battle two days later. We see a McClellan here that is rarely portrayed in other accounts. <o:p></o:p></div>
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I have often maintained that the shadow of Second Manassas hung over the battlefield of Antietam and the leadership of both armies. Stotelmyer writes in chapter 4 “the memory of Pope and the Federal defeat hung over the field of Antietam. Popular historians and professional historians usually overlook this or give it short shrift, but it goes a long way toward explaining the mythology surrounding McClellan and Porter and the supposed last reserves of the last army of the Republic.” Stotelmyer uses this essay to illustrate the influence of political beliefs and party affiliation on the events of the Maryland Campaign. There is much to say here about the vehement Cabinet opposition and intrigue surrounding McClellan’s appointment to command the defenses of Washington and the subsequent order by Lincoln placing the general in command of the forces in the field. There is a fascinating discussion of the actual numbers of troops brought by the Fifth Corps to Antietam. Like the six mile a day march rate in chapter 1, a number of 20,000 Fifth Corps troops becomes a part of the record. The number is used by the Joint Committee, found in Republican campaign literature in 1864, and subsequently cited by generations of historians as the number of troops the Fifth Corps had on the field on September 17. We learn about the genesis of the term “the last reserve of the last Army of the Republic.” Once again, Stotelmyer deconstructs the mythology and, using primary sources reconstructs the actual events leading up to the decision to suspend the advance of the Fifth Corps. The final association with Second Bull Run is the situation facing the Union command when A.P. Hill’s division appeared on the left flank of the Ninth Corps. Stotelmyer writes “when Burnside’s left began to crumble, the tactical situation took a nosedive. John Pope’s devastating experience at Second Bull Run stared the Union high command squarely in the face. Porter had been there, and the events of August 30 seemed to be repeating themselves.”<o:p></o:p></div>
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Chapter 5 addresses the two standard themes that McClellan had no plans or intentions for another campaign after Antietam and he claimed his army was not receiving supplies to sustain another campaign. Steve goes to great length in this chapter to explore the Lincoln-Stanton-Halleck triumvirate and the motivations of each of these individuals in the aftermath of Antietam. He uses multiple primary sources from veterans of the battle to paint the picture of the sorry condition of the Union fighting men after Antietam. He spends several pages on Lincoln’s visit to the army in early October and the real motivation behind it. We learn about the role of Quartermaster General Montgomery Meigs and McClellan’s quartermaster Rufus Ingalls in the logistics controversy. Responding to McClellan’s complaints about lack of supplies, Lincoln orders Stanton to investigate it. Read about the results of this “investigation.” We learn where all those supplies supposedly sent on the Army actually ended up. Steve provides evidence for you to judge whether the supply holdup was intentional or just plain mismanagement. Finally, Steve delves into Lincoln’s thought process after the midterm elections in reaching the decision to relieve McClellan of command even as the general is leading a promising field campaign against Lee’s Army. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In just 250 pages of narrative, Steve Stotelmyer provides the reader with a lot to think about. While there will be some who will never accept the evidence, (and I have seen their rants on social media) the book should be read by anyone receptive and open minded enough to new evidence on the leadership of General George B. McClellan in the Maryland Campaign. I hope you count yourself in that group.<o:p></o:p></div>
Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-73907749482197912262019-07-28T17:04:00.001-04:002019-07-28T17:04:53.535-04:00Where Men Only Dare to Go<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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Royall Figg was a charter member of William W. Parkers “Boy Company” so called for the extreme youth of many of its members. He was about 20 years of age when he enlisted around March 1, 1862 and served with distinction through three years of war. Parker’s battery joined Stephen D. Lee’s battalion of artillery and served under that outstanding commander at Second Manassas and Antietam.<o:p></o:p></div>
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In 1885 Figg wrote a remarkable first hand account of his experiences with the battery titled <i>Where Men Only Dare to Go or the Story of a Boy Company, C.S.A.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></b></span></span></a></i>Many nineteenth century accounts are tedious and hard to connect with. Figg’s writing style however is engaging and the book is hard to put down as he evokes his life of a gunner with great warmth and humor. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The book came to my attention while preparing for a talk on Confederate artillery commanders at Antietam. I discovered it in the bibliography of Herman Hattaway’s excellent biography of Stephen D. Lee.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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The carnage sustained by Parker’s battery and Lee’s battalion in general at the Battle of Antietam made a deep and lasting impression on Figg. He recounts with excruciating detail the terror of being under the fire of the Federal guns of position east of Antietam creek. Several passages are particularly moving and appear below.<o:p></o:p></div>
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After Lee’s triumph at Second Manassas, Figg foreshadows the approaching fight in Maryland: “Sharpsburg loomed grim and ghostly in the fateful future, but we saw it not; and Antietam was murmuring our death-song, but we heard it not.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Figg describes in almost reverent words the soldiers love and respect for their commander Stephen D. Lee: “Lee was the officer who was destined to win our soldier-love in the great battle soon to be fought at Sharpsburg. I say ‘solder-love’ for is it not true that men love a brave man-almost idolize him-in time of great danger, simply because he is brave?”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Figg describes an incident on the evening of September 16<sup>th</sup>as Federal troops under Joe Hooker approached the field. As he says the incident is amusing in retrospect, though at the time it was difficult to appreciate the humor: “We were under a heavy artillery fire, and bullets also were too plentiful for comfort. Twilight was deepening into night, when a shot from a Federal battery passed through two horses, casting quite a deluge of blood and flesh upon Private Clark, who was holding them. ‘Lieutenant, my brains are out!’ he feebly exclaimed. ‘Then you have the biggest brains I ever saw!’ replied Lieutenant Brown. Little doubt was entertained at that moment even by the Lieutenant himself, that these would be Clark’s last words. You can scarcely imagine Clark’s satisfaction, however when the real source of the sanguinary baptism was discovered.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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The young gunner now goes on to relate his experiences on the 17<sup>th</sup>of September, “a day of wrath”: “Lee’s army stood on that bloody day as one to three against the advancing hosts of McClellan; and of all the enemy generals McClellan was the most feared.” It is interesting to hear how McClellan’s reputation was viewed by at least one common soldier. We of course know that Robert E. Lee himself echoed these sentiments when after the war he was asked which of the Federal generals he considered the greatest, and his emphatic answer was “McClellan by all odds.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Figg now relates the terrible experience of being shelled by enemy artillery. He narrates several episodes: “The charge in one of the guns explodes prematurely and sends its ‘rammer’ whizzing over to the enemy, at the same time burning and almost blinding dauntless George Jones. A shot crashes through a caisson, and McNeil, who escapes as if by a miracle, significantly holds up the blessed beads given him by the good ladies at Frederick….A shot ploughs through the bowels of our lead horses and crushes the leg of Warburton, the driver. The two remaining horses plunge wildly about, trying to extricate themselves from the fallen horses in front. At this critical moment Joe Hay, with his pocket-knife, cuts the harness, and we are then ordered to fall back.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The unerring fire of the Union guns of position continued to batter Parker’s band of young artillerists just yards from the Dunker Church. Finally ordered off the line to refit, Lee called upon the boys later in the day to go back into action one more time. Figg recalls his battalion commander’s immortal words over twenty years later as he calls for his men to return to the line: “You are boys, but you have this day been where men only dare to go. Some of your company have been killed; many have been wounded. But recollect that it is a soldier’s fate to die! Now, every man of you who is willing to return to the field, step two paces to the front! As Lee spoke these words he seemed a very god of war; and his eyes flashed command, not entreaty. Weak and almost dazed by the scenes of horror through which we had passed, stern Duty calls, and we obey. The significant ‘two paces’ is stepped and a volunteer section, led by Lieutenant J. Thompson Brown returns once more to confront the now exultant enemy.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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The seemingly unending day continues. Finally “the autumn sun is fast declining to his rest, as we continue to to fire slowly and feebly. The enemy replies as if he, too, is weak and shattered. Sons of the North and sons of the South are lying thick upon the hillsides and in the valleys. Sharpsburg is groaning, and Antietam is running red; and there will be weeping among the blue hillls of Virginia and on the banks of the Savannah, and the praries will hear the voice of lamentation, and the Hudson will answer in bitter and melancholy refrain.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The sun is set, and bloody Sharpsburg is a thing of history.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn1" title="">[1]</a><i>Where Men Only Dare to Go or the Story of a Boy Company, C.S.A</i>by <a href="https://www.librarything.com/author/figgroyallw"><span style="color: black; text-decoration: none;">Royall W. Figg</span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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LSU Press (2008), with a Foreward by Robert K. Krick<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn2" title="">[2]</a><i>General Stephen D. Lee</i>by Herman Hattaway University Press of Mississippi 1988<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn3" title="">[3]</a>Where Men… p. 32.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn4" title="">[4]</a>Ibid p. 39.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn5" title="">[5]</a>Ibid p. 41.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn6" title="">[6]</a>Ibid p. 42. <i>Lee</i>by Douglas S. Freeman Volume IV page 477<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn7" title="">[7]</a>Where Men… p. 44.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn8" title="">[8]</a>Ibid p. 47.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-68566815721475425322019-05-24T12:16:00.001-04:002019-05-24T12:16:38.658-04:00May I never be called upon to endure greater agony than at that moment… <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLAm841kBGLpIiddZc_K2TH4ad5HxK5QOtuyDtgn2xP1W0kXM-EhtG8T6p_YOjKLe3ieAqxr_kMuRSIHuGUCWwEy97BrS4vkiGrXWTrjKxMXxU-L3R8KWFPksSVtwDHO2Y085zWCJqwKLz/s1600/Webb+Alexander+S.+Yale+University.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLAm841kBGLpIiddZc_K2TH4ad5HxK5QOtuyDtgn2xP1W0kXM-EhtG8T6p_YOjKLe3ieAqxr_kMuRSIHuGUCWwEy97BrS4vkiGrXWTrjKxMXxU-L3R8KWFPksSVtwDHO2Y085zWCJqwKLz/s320/Webb+Alexander+S.+Yale+University.jpg" width="240" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alexander Webb</td></tr>
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Nine months before earning the Medal of Honor and winning everlasting acclaim as the commander of the Philadelphia Brigade at the Copse of Trees, Alexander Webb served as the Chief of Staff of the Fifth Corps at Antietam. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Webb was on my radar, not because of his role at Antietam. Before that he served as one of William Barry’s artillery inspectors during the Peninsula Campaign of 1862. I learned that Yale University is the repository of Webb’s extensive collection of papers, maps and photographs. I recently had the opportunity to view Webb’s papers at Yale and hoped to gain insight on his activities with Barry as part of my ongoing artillery research.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Alexander Webb (1835-1911) was born in New York City on February 15, 1835. His grandfather General Samuel Webb was an aide to George Washington and regimental commander during the Revolution. Webb’s father James Watson Webb was a noted newspaper publisher and diplomat. The younger Webb graduated from West Point in the Class of 1855 ranking 13 of 34 graduates. He was commissioned in the 2<sup>nd</sup>U.S. Artillery and served in Florida, Massachusetts and Minnesota. He returned to West Point in 1857 as an assistant professor of mathematics while fellow professor John Gibbon labored over his <i>Artillerist Manual</i>. In January 1861 as the secession crisis worsened, the War Department ordered Lieutenant Charles Griffin, another West Point professor to organize a four-gun artillery battery from the dragoon detachment at the Military Academy. Lieutenant Webb was soon relieved from instructor duty and assigned to the new battery<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Webb accompanied the West Point battery, as it was known at the time, to Washington D.C. as part of the beefed up security put in place by Winfield Scott for Lincoln’s inauguration.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> In April 1861 when the Fort Pickens relief expedition was fitted out, Webb was attached to Light Company A, 2<sup>nd</sup>U.S. Artillery commanded by Captain William Barry. With Webb at Pickens were such future artillery luminaries as Henry Hunt, John Tidball, James Robertson, and Alexander Pennington. Among Webb’s papers is a fascinating journal that covers the often-mundane day-to-day experiences of life at Fort Pickens during the long hot summer of 1861. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Returning in time for the first battle of Bull Run, Webb served as an assistant to Barry, now Chief of Artillery for McDowell’s army during that disastrous battle. In the fall of 1861 Webb obtained a volunteer commission as major of the 1<sup>st</sup>Rhode Island Light Artillery Regiment. He worked diligently in organizing that fine body of artillerymen. Webb continued to serve Barry in forging the artillery organization of the Army of the Potomac and assisted Henry Hunt, in establishing the crack Artillery Reserve of the Army of the Potomac. One of those batteries was Battery D, 5<sup>th</sup>U.S. Artillery, the former West Point Battery. It was now commanded by Lieutenant Henry Kingsbury (USMA May 1861). Kingsbury had the command prior to his appointment as colonel of the 11<sup>th</sup>Connecticut. Kingsbury was a former student of Webbs at the Academy. Now as one of the army’s artillery inspectors, Webb worked closely with Kingsbury. They became very close friends. <o:p></o:p></div>
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At the time, the Artillery Reserve fell under the Fifth Corps commanded by Major General Fitz-John Porter. Largely unappreciated today is the fact that Porter much like Thomas Jackson, Braxton Bragg, and Henry Hunt was renown throughout the artillery community in the 1850s for his legendary exploits in Mexico. On September 14, 1847, the 25 year old from Portsmouth New Hampshire took command of Light Company G, 4<sup>th</sup>U.S. Artillery at the Belen Gate after Mexican grapeshot killed his captain and first lieutenant. As enemy fire continued to decimate the ranks of his company Porter himself wounded, pushed his guns to the gates of the city of Mexico blasting thru a path for American storming parties. William Loring once asked what the greatest feat of bravery he witnessed in his life was replied “Fitz-John Porter at the Belen Gate.” <o:p></o:p></div>
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In August of 1862, Webb was promoted to lieutenant colonel and assigned as Porter’s Chief of Staff. He grew very close to Porter and remained a stalwart supporter of the ill-fated general to the end of his days. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Webb corresponded regularly with his father and wife Annie. These letters are located among his papers at Yale. On September 28, 1862, Webb penned a letter to his father-in-law Henry Rutgers Remsen a New York financier and bank executive. Annie asked her husband to send her father an account of the Battle of Antietam. Webb helpfully included a sketch of the battlefield. He marked the map with capital letters (i.e. <b><u>A</u></b>) which he referred to in the letter.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Camp near Shepherdstown<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Sept 28<sup>th</sup>1862<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Dear Mr. Remsen,<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Annie tells me that you ask for an account of the battle. The battle of Antietam. Do you know that although the easiest to comprehend, the best battlefield to take in, in the whole of the war it will probably form the hardest to describe. It was too hard fought at all points, too exciting to attempt put it on paper.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Perhaps some cold blooded reporter with his saddled animal awaiting his determination to [move?] away without a care or a feeling for any side may describe accurately what took place but I doubt it. But I will try. I was with General McClellan nearly all day + I carried messages for both him + Genl Porter + brought them both news from different parts of the field but I do not pretend to tell half.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> I reached the battleground the 16<sup>th</sup>at about 12:30 P.M. a good deal in advance of my corps.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[3]</span></b></span></span></a>I was with our advance cavalry. I found Hooker in position on the line east + north of the Antietam a line formerly held by the Confederates, but abandoned by them for Sharpsburg Heights. The point I took then to see the ground was the point occupied by Gen McClellan the day of the battle. Just below me on a hill or ridge parallel to the Antietam River was Hooker’s Batteries shelling the Rebels lines drawn up on the crest of a ridge about 1¼ miles distant. At this moment we had nothing in fact to open with, but the moment I saw the position chosen by the Rebels I knew they were to remain there until one of the armies was beaten. Gen. Porter arrived at the head of 1/3 of his corps at about 3 P.M. & shortly after Gen McClellan accompanied by an immense staff rode up + of course the Rebels gave them a shell or two. This gave us plenty of room on the hill. The staff did not expose itself unnecessarily again since it drew fire on the Genl in Chief. Well that evening then was a push + a firm resistance + Gen McClellan became convinced that the next day was to decide the fate of the Union. Then it was that he started himself to reinforce Hooker who had left his first position at <b><u>K</u></b>+ <b><u>L</u></b>+ <b><u>M</u></b>+ had gone toward the right. Hooker was crossed to the woods at <b><u>E</u></b>that night. Franklin (brought up from the road to Harpers Ferry) was crossed to support him.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[4]</span></b></span></span></a> Sumner was pushed forward at <b><u>D</u></b>and Burnsides ordered to our left toward the stone bridge at <b><u>B</u></b>. Sykes lay behind the ridge at <b><u>G</u></b>, <b><u>H</u></b>, + <b><u>I</u></b>. Morell at <b><u>M</u></b>behind the batteries at <b><u>K</u></b>+ <b><u>L</u></b>. Humphreys was sent for to hurry up to join Porter. Couch ordered to come over the mountain by the road at <b><u>A</u></b>to be used at any point. And thus we awaited daybreak.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> As soon as it was light the firing began on our right and in a short time the battle opened when Hooker moves in from the woods at <b><u>E</u></b>. We see him distinctly drive in the enemy’s pickets. Then his lines advance into the wood and a terrible fire opens upon him. In ten minutes he appears routed, his men are running!! Will nothing stop them? Is this a defeat? May I never be called upon to endure greater agony than at that moment. But soon they stop. They form. The Rebels advance in line; meet a battery, seem to surround it – No! They run like sheep + our lines advance again! This seems ten minutes but it has lasted 1 hour + a half. And then Hooker took that wood <u>four times</u>. And Sumner <b><u>D</u></b>directly in front going up the hill in the face of lines of Infantry and those batteries. Look! There falls the green flag. (4) Four times it is down and though they falter still the Irish Brigade moves in. See the men fall in their tracks! All that line of blue is dead + dying. See the great gaps they are closing up now. That is the way to fight. They fight to win… But soon they win back they are driven in by those two batteries at <b><u>D</u></b>+ <b><u>E</u></b>and here comes an aide from Sumner. He must have more artillery. He can hold his ground but he cannot advance without more Artillery. Graham of the 1<sup>st</sup>U.S. Arty is ordered to him from Porter.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[5]</span></b></span></span></a>This battery crosses the ford + advances to <b><u>T</u></b>and taking the fire of the enemy in front + flank + rear he drives off the battery at <b><u>E</u></b>+ the lines of the enemy coming out on Smith advancing toward <b><u>E.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><u><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[6]</span></u></b></span></span></a></u></b>He leaves the field in an hour with no ammunition 16 horses killed + 16 men hors de combat. How I did bless that fellow.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> And now at <b><u>Q</u></b>+ <b><u>R</u></b>in [soon?] advanced Tidball, Robertson, and the other horse batteries with the cavalry. On their left + front are Sykes skirmishers + brigades. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Why dont Burnside advance. “Tell him if it costs him 10000 men he must go in now”; says, G.B. McC.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">We hear him. Here comes Flagler.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[7]</span></b></span></span></a>“Burnside has crossed the bridge but Kingsbury is dying.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">[8]</span></b></span></span></a>He wants to see you Col Webb.” It is carried but at what a cost! And now the firing is furious. Gen McC rides to Hooker with his staff. He must go there. They want a leader. Hooker is wounded. Let Mead command the whole of the right. Then off he goes + our right goes in with him. They <u>take</u>+ <u>hold</u>the wood. Sumner moves up to the road. Sykes skirmishers advance to near the town. Burnside gets a Brigade to <b><u>B</u></b>but it is overwhelmed. Night comes on. We cease firing and the battle of Antietam is over. We had fought 12 hours.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">This is its general outline. Its description would fill a quire.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Never ask to undergo such feelings as those experienced by one who knew that but 67,000 of our men were opposed to 100 to 130,000 on the crest of a hill; a hill they had to gain after crossing a rapid stream passable at but three (3) points. If our enemy could not whip us at Antietam he never will if our men fight with the same spirit. And God bless McClellan. All I thought, all I have said, he was he has<u>proved</u>himself to be. God bless + preserve him without His aid we will never succeed + I believe that He is using George B McClellan as his instrument.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Affectionately<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> Andy</span><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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The tone of the letter is engaging. We sense Webb’s nervousness, exhilaration, and sometimes sheer terror throughout the many tense moments of the day. <i>“May I never be called upon to endure greater agony than at that moment…”</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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It is an interesting perspective on how Webb viewed the battle from McClellan’s forward command post at the Pry House. It is in no way comprehensive nor is it intended to be a military report. The letter is merely a hasty recounting of some of the writer’s recollections of the high points of the battle for his civilian father-in-law. The map is particularly interesting and valuable and the references in the letter conveys Webb’s perspective of the battlefield from McClellan’s position. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Webb offers a figure of 67,000 Union soldiers engaged which is probably not far off the mark. He accepts the generally held view that 100-130,000 rebels on the heights of Sharpsburg outnumber the Army of the Potomac. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Webb has a grand view of the action on the upper half of the field. He can see Hooker’s desperate fight on the right. “<i>And then Hooker took that wood <u>four times</u>.”</i>He watches with great admiration the advance of the Irish Brigade. “<i>Look! There falls the green flag. (4) Four times it is down and though they falter still the Irish Brigade moves in. </i> …<i>That is the way to fight. They fight to win.</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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As a professional artillerist, Webb pays particular attention to the artillery batteries that he can view. He recounts the “surrounded” battery in Hooker’s area. “<i>The Rebels advance in line; meet a battery, seem to surround it – No! They run like sheep + our lines advance again</i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">.”</span>This is likely Dunbar Ransom’s Battery C, 5<sup>th</sup>U.S. Artillery or one of the batteries in Rickett’s division - Ezra Matthew’s Battery F, 1<sup>st</sup>Pennsylvania Artillery or James Thompson Independent Battery G, Pennsylvania Artillery. Campbell’s Battery B, 4<sup>th</sup>U.S. Artillery underwent a similar desperate attack by Hood’s Texans but it was on the other side of the Hagerstown Pike and likely not visible to Webb. From his position Webb also tracks the dispatch of Grahams battery in the Sunken Road and its heroic action there (“<i>How I did bless that fellow”)</i>, and he can see Tidball and Robertson’s horse batteries unlimbering and firing to his left. <o:p></o:p></div>
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We hear McClellan voice his frustration with Burnsides lack of celerity.<i>“Tell him if it costs him 10, 000 men he must go in now.” </i>There is elation that Burnside is finally moving when they hear the “noise” of the advance. Joy is quickly tempered by the news that Kingsbury is dying. The mortally wounded officer asked for his old friend. Flagler says “<i>He wants to see you Colonel Webb</i>.” <o:p></o:p></div>
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Webb senses the moment when decisive victory hangs in the balance. <i>Sumner moves up to the road. Sykes skirmishers advance to near the town. Burnside gets a Brigade to <b><u>B</u></b>… but it is overwhelmed.</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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Finally, if Webb had any nagging doubts about McClellan, he now seems assured that Little Mac has finally proved himself by his performance at Antietam. <i>“All I thought, all I have said, he has proved himself to be.”</i> <o:p></o:p></div>
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My thanks to good friend and fellow Antietam guide for his assistance in transcribing the letter and annotating the map. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">HQ Military Academy Orders No. 3 January 7, 1861 copy in the Alexander Webb Papers, Yale University Box 1, Folder 5.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The War Department incorporated the West Point Battery into the new Fifth U.S. Artillery Regiment as Battery D.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Webb probably meant to say the 15<sup>th</sup>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Here Webb actually means Joseph Mansfield, commander of the 12<sup>th</sup>Corps.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">William M. Graham’s Battery K, 1<sup>st</sup>U.S. Artillery of the Artillery Reserve.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">William F. “Baldy” Smith’s Sixth Corps division.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Lieutenant Daniel Flagler (USMA June-1861) an aide de camp and assistant ordnance officer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Colonel Henry Kingsbury (USMA May 1861) commander of the 11<sup>th</sup>Connecticut killed at the Burnside Bridge</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-71570676862719605682019-01-18T08:01:00.000-05:002019-01-18T08:09:32.382-05:00Hence the dirt<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxuiW9YxN_-y2eGZue-V5Pdtcxlopu-z-4NAm2vCYWwe7h2HOpKCA1tVzzNobFiDkRMo9-JEuW-MzCPOX-gUHGwZhy_W16ayJfRUcIgYlHJdR8YCTRHZAOAeupqROM2cIZ-h9sReppT9yW/s1600/Parts+of+VIrginia+and+North+Carolina.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="797" data-original-width="694" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxuiW9YxN_-y2eGZue-V5Pdtcxlopu-z-4NAm2vCYWwe7h2HOpKCA1tVzzNobFiDkRMo9-JEuW-MzCPOX-gUHGwZhy_W16ayJfRUcIgYlHJdR8YCTRHZAOAeupqROM2cIZ-h9sReppT9yW/s200/Parts+of+VIrginia+and+North+Carolina.jpg" width="173" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 16pt;">For over two years, I have been going through every page of Henry Hunt’s papers that are located in the Library of Congress. Unlike much of the Executive Branch which remains shutdown (my department included), Congress and it’s library were funded by a separate appropriation. While furloughed, I have been able to spend some time at the Library over the past several weeks continuing my research.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 16pt;">Henry Hunt was a prolific writer and it seems that he kept everything. From battle reports, to target practice records, data on artillery horses, to proposals and sketches for a new and improved battery wagon, to the daily countersigns of the Army of the Potomac, nearly every aspect of artillery is addressed somewhere.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 16pt;">I have found some great things about the artillery of the Army of the Potomac in the Civil War. I have scanned at least one hundred documents and the information therein will be part of my upcoming book. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1d2129; font-size: 16pt;">Nothing prepared me for what I found in Box 12, Folder 2 yesterday. At the bottom of the folder beneath the other papers was a folded up </span><span style="font-size: 16pt;">parchment like document. I unfolded and unfolded and unfolded some more. Suddenly there was a map titled Portions of Virginia and North Carolina. It was about 3 feet by 2 feet long. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMufeBUSZ3eTnEcI3g5WDZMwW0LTURCXkLLdnp9VlGv-qbGKT8zQX1ycOcyccqQUFX386zy7mNCkHAEji6e1oNOGQFX6pikc92sJx1864gFYVqCV8uacjx9XHOzHFZ6xbykyTl5ZWPiq2r/s1600/IMG_0676.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMufeBUSZ3eTnEcI3g5WDZMwW0LTURCXkLLdnp9VlGv-qbGKT8zQX1ycOcyccqQUFX386zy7mNCkHAEji6e1oNOGQFX6pikc92sJx1864gFYVqCV8uacjx9XHOzHFZ6xbykyTl5ZWPiq2r/s400/IMG_0676.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">What dumbfounded me was a note scribbled on the back of the map in Henry Hunt's handwriting:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 16pt;">This map presented to my by General Rawlins Chief of Staff to General Grant on the road from Petersburg to Jetersville and which had been frequently used by Genl Grant to that time. Was afterward used by General Meade and myself until the surrender of Lee’s Army at Appomattox C.H.</span></i><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Genl Meade being unwell for a day or two had it in his ambulance with him and accidentally got his boots (muddy) on it hence the dirt.</span></i><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Washington DC Henry Hunt</span></i><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Aug 11 1865 Maj Genl</span></i><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 16pt;"> Chief of Arty</span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpia2LVgUs0dWfxTikVa-IpfKN7S3cKJzM1Yj2LFsnhBY1jfJV-hrOClrxq_Rn4v0fivJ41nH0CqUt1ABIdpDCPW8wEcLaW8JpczRNJzFrABt_e0sYBeJBpHbvg5fWTUlweOkP3tvfXR-7/s1600/IMG_0678.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpia2LVgUs0dWfxTikVa-IpfKN7S3cKJzM1Yj2LFsnhBY1jfJV-hrOClrxq_Rn4v0fivJ41nH0CqUt1ABIdpDCPW8wEcLaW8JpczRNJzFrABt_e0sYBeJBpHbvg5fWTUlweOkP3tvfXR-7/s320/IMG_0678.jpg" width="240" /></a><span style="font-size: 16pt;">It was so large and delicate that an archivist had to assist me in folding it back up. There was an index card in the folder that indicated that there are several other copies of the map in the Library. I think that is only reason that this copy remains with Henry Hunt’s other papers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16pt;">It is a rare and beautiful thing. I am back at the Library today looking for more treasures. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-9727801688447331632019-01-02T15:49:00.001-05:002019-01-02T20:03:35.531-05:00Artillery Leadership in the Army of Virginia<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alexander Piper</td></tr>
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Historians have not written much about the artillery leadership of the Army of Virginia. Henry Hunt the prolific artillery chief of the Army of the Potomac left comprehensive reports after each of his campaigns. His counterpart in the Army of Virginia left no report on the Second Manassas campaign. <o:p></o:p></div>
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That officer was Captain Alexander M. Piper (1828-1902). Piper’s was a regular army artillery officer from Carlisle Pennsylvania. His family traveled in the same social circles as the McClellan’s and Porters. Piper entered West Point in 1847. He ranked number five in his class upon graduation in 1851 and opted for an artillery commission instead of one in the engineers. He was commissioned in the Third U.S. Artillery and after a brief hold over at West Point as an assistant professor, joined his regiment in the Pacific Northwest. Piper participated in several expeditions against the Indians. Among his comrades in arms was Lieutenant Phil Sheridan who recalled that Piper commanded a mountain howitzer during one of the campaigns.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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In October 1860, Piper reported to West Point for another stint of instructor duty. In February of 1861, the War Department directed Lieutenant Charles Griffin (USMA 1847) the chief artillery instructor at West Point to organize a battery composed of artillery officers, soldiers, and equipment from the training detachment at the Military Academy. With the approach of Lincoln’s inauguration, the battery was ordered to Washington DC to help secure the capital from secessionist elements. Known as the West Point battery, Piper was among the officers selected to be part of the new unit and accompanied it to the nation’s capital in February 1861. In July 1861, he was detached from the battery and assigned as Acting Assistant Adjutant-General on the staff of Colonel William Tecumseh Sherman’s brigade. Piper served under Sherman, a former Third Artillery officer at First Bull Run. Sherman reported that Piper worked “under fire all day, and carried orders to and fro with as much coolness as on parade.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></span></span></a> That summer, Piper was promoted to captain of Company G Third Artillery but he never joined the unit. Instead, he returned to West Point in September and taught Chemistry, Mineralogy, and Geology. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Perhaps eager for front line service, Piper was posted back to Washington on June 12 1862 and at the age of 34, and became Chief of Artillery for Pope’s Army of Virginia. Piper’s selection to be chief of artillery for a field army must have been a reflection of his competence and ability. Unfortunately, little is known of Piper’s service under Pope. He made no report that ever found its way into the Official Records. His service was significant enough however to earn a brevet promotion to major from Pope for gallant and meritorious service on August 30. 1862<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[3]</span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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Piper faced significant challenges. The War Department constituted the Army of Virginia on June 26 and it went into action almost immediately. Unlike the Army of the Potomac, it did not have an extended period to organize before entering combat. William Barry and Henry Hunt who organized the Army of the Potomac’s artillery were recognized authorities on artillery organization and tactics with long years of experience. Piper lacked the same kind of experience. Under William Barry’s system, he assigned a regular artillery battery to each infantry division in the Army of the Potomac. Pope’s army had no such system. Where the Army of the Potomac had twelve regular batteries assigned to the infantry divisions, Piper had only three regular batteries assigned in the entire army.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[4]</span></span></span></a> The Army of Virginia did not have an Artillery Reserve. In the Potomac army at the Seven Days, Henry Hunt commanded a 19-battery reserve. Of these, eleven were regular army batteries.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Louis Schirmer</td></tr>
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The artillery components of Pope’s army came from three widely separate commands with completely different organizational structures. Sigel had several good artillery batteries including Hubert Dilger’s Battery I, First Ohio Artillery and Michael Wiedrich’s Battery I, First New York Light Artillery. However, all Sigel’s batteries were assigned to individual brigades except for a small three-battery corps reserve. The corps had no regular batteries. Sigel’s artillery chief was Captain Louis Schirmer a Prussian-trained artillery officer. Schirmer immigrated to the United States in 1858 settling at first in St. Louis. He was an officer in a militia company, the St. Louis Mounted Rifles until he moved to Memphis Tennessee. In 1861 he fled to New York at the outbreak of the Civil War and enrolled in the 29<sup>th</sup>New York “Astor’s Rifles - 1<sup>st</sup>German” Infantry. At First Bull Run, Lieutenant Schirmer’s <span style="font-size: 11.5pt;">company of the 29th took the abandoned guns of Captain Varian’s battery, whose enlistment had expired on the eve of the battle, fought the guns, and returned with them to Washington. The company was permanently detached from the regiment, becoming the 2nd New York Independent Battery</span> eventually commanded by Schirmer. The battery fought at Cross Keys on June 8, 1862 as part of Louis Blenker’s “German” division. By all accounts, Schirmer was a competent officer. At Cross Keys he had command of all of Blenker’s artillery. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Clermont Best</td></tr>
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Nathaniel Bank’s Second Corps artillery was consolidated into a corps artillery structure. Battery F, Fourth U.S. Artillery commanded by Captain Clermont Best (USMA 1847) was the only regular battery in the corps. Best served as chief of artillery for the corps. He was member of the West Point Class of 1847, which also included John Gibbon Ambrose Burnside, A.P. Hill and Henry Heth. Best had a solid if not spectacular career in the regular artillery for fifteen years serving in the Seminole War, the Kansas Disturbances and the Mormon Expedition. His artillery had seen severe action recently in the Battle of Cedar Mountain on August 9 1862 but did not play a major role in the battle of Second Manassas. <o:p></o:p></div>
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McDowell’s corps had the best artillery in the Army of Virginia. John Reynolds and Rufus King’s divisions were originally assigned to the Army of the Potomac. Each had a regular battery. Light Company B, Fourth U.S. Artillery was assigned to King’s division. John Gibbon (USMA 1847), another artillery theoretician along the lines of Hunt and Barry, commanded the battery at the beginning of the war. Before appointment to brigade command, Gibbon had relentlessly drilled Light Company B and the three other volunteer batteries of the division. At Second Manassas, Joseph Campbell commanded Light Company B. The other regular battery in the corps was Dunbar Ransom’s Battery C, Fifth U.S. Artillery assigned to the Pennsylvania Reserve division. Ransom’s predecessor in command Henry DeHart was mortally wounded at Gaines Mill on June 27 where the battery lost three of its guns to Hood’s Texas brigade. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Davis Tillson</td></tr>
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The chief of artillery in Irwin McDowell’s Third Corps was Major Davis Tillson. Tillson was born in Rockland Maine in 1830. He entered West Point in 1849 but resigned after two years because of an accident that required the amputation of his foot.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[5]</span></span></span></a> He served in the state legislature of Maine in 1857 and the next year Governor Joseph Williams appointed him adjutant general of the state. In November 1861 Tillson was commissioned as captain of the 2nd Maine Battery. The battery arrived in Washington in April of 1862. It was attached to the 2<sup>nd</sup>Brigade of E.O.C. Ord’s division in the Department of the Rappahannock. Tillson was promoted to major in April of 1862 and the next month was appointed chief of artillery for Ord’s division now commanded by James Ricketts. He served credibly at the Battle of Cedar Mountain under the eye of Irvin McDowell who afterward appointed him as chief of artillery for the corps.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[6]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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McClellan sent two corps of the Army of the Potomac to Pope before the battle. Porter’s Fifth Corps arrived first and brought five of their eight batteries from the Peninsula. These included four crack regular artillery batteries. They were Alanson Randol’s Battery E&G, First U.S. Artillery, and three batteries from the new Fifth U.S. Artillery - Battery D, the “West Point” Battery commanded by Charles Hazlett, Battery I commanded by Steven Weed, and Battery K commanded by John Smead. All were veterans of the tough fighting on the Peninsula two months before. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The two divisions of Heintzelman’s corps on the other hand were pushed forward to Pope with only one of their eight organic batteries. A second battery, William Graham’s Light Company K, First U.S. Artillery was added from Hunt’s artillery reserve.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[7]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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The Ninth Corps recently assembled from troops in the Carolinas brought no artillery to Virginia. Three batteries were hastily attached to General Reno’s command. Samuel Benjamin’s Battery E, Second U.S. Artillery came from Hunt’s Artillery Reserve. George Durrell’s Independent Pennsylvania Battery D was detached from Rufus King’s division. Asa Cook’s 8<sup>th</sup>Massachusetts Battery, a brand new untested unit organized in June 1862 was pulled out of the Washington defenses.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Then there was the matter of Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In one of the rare instances of the war, the Confederates outnumbered the Federals in the numbers of batteries and numbers of guns. According to Jennings Wise, Lee brought 43 batteries and 175 guns to the fight. Pope’s army had 28 batteries and 125 guns.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[8]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Probably most important, Lee’s Army was in the process of organizing its artillery batteries into a battalion system with field grade artillery officers in command of the guns. What Lee lacked in modern guns and reliable ammunition, he made up with a system that allowed the Confederate guns to mass fires at critical times and places on the battlefield. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Despite these obstacles, the Union batteries fought hard and inflicted serious damage to their Confederate opponents. Some examples are Campbell’s battery on the Brawner farm, Kern’s battery on Chinn Ridge, and the gun lines cobbled together on Dogan Ridge and Henry Hill on the afternoon of the 30<sup>th</sup>. The Yankee gunners were never able to achieve anything like the concentrated fire that the Confederate artillery battalions could deliver. Still Union artillery helped to slow the Confederate advance enough to prevent Lee from crushing Pope’s army completely. Ultimately, no amount of individual fame and valor earned by many of the Federal gunners could compensate for the strategic and operational blundering of the senior Union generals that lead to the Union debacle at Second Manassas in the first place. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Henry Hunt tapped none of the artillery leadership of the Army of Virginia to serve in the Maryland Campaign. As the Army of Virginia dissolved, Piper returned to Washington with his brevet promotion to major. He served as an inspector of artillery under William Barry in the Washington fortifications. In January 1863, Piper received an appointment as Colonel of the 10<sup>th</sup>New York Heavy Artillery. In May of 1864, his “heavies” joined the Army of the Potomac. They served credibly in the siege of Petersburg where Piper received a second brevet. The 10<sup>th</sup>New York later operated in the Shenandoah Valley with Phil Sheridan, Piper’s old comrade from the Indian fighting in the Pacific Northwest. Colonel Piper ended the war as Chief of Artillery of the Middle Military Division. Mustered out of the volunteers, he returned to the regular artillery. His long and distinguished career culminated in his elevation to Colonel of the Fifth U.S. Artillery in 1887. Piper retired in 1891 after 40 years of service and died in 1902.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Louis Schirmer remained with Sigel’s corps and was in the fortifications of Washington during the Maryland Campaign. He was back in command of his battery at Fredericksburg but was then elevated to Chief of Artillery of the Eleventh Corps during the Chancellorsville Campaign.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[9]</span></span></span></a> Like Piper, he got his own heavy artillery regiment, the 15<sup>th</sup>New York in August of 1863. Schirmer’s regiment provided protection to the Artillery Reserve during Grant’s Overland Campaign. He left the regiment sick on June 5<sup>,</sup>1864. The former Prussian artilleryman got into trouble in the summer of 1865 and in August of that year a general court martial convicted him of various charges including embezzlement, drunkenness and destruction of government property. He was cashiered, imprisoned and severely fined $10,000. Louis Schirmer thereafter disappeared from the pages of history.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[10]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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When Joe Hooker took over McDowell’s corps, he replaced Davis Tillson with Colonel Charles Wainwright, his own divisional artillery chief from the Third Corps. Ironically, Wainwright did not join Hooker until after the Battle of Antietam. Tillson like Alexander Piper was consigned to the Washington defenses as an artillery inspector during the Maryland Campaign. Two months later, he was commissioned a brigadier-general of volunteers, to date from November 29, 1862. In April 1863, Tillson went west and served in a number of positions involving the construction of defenses first in Cincinnati and later in Knoxville Tennessee. Tillson ended the war commanding the District of East Tennessee. Mustered out of the army in 1866, Tillson took charge of branches of the Freedmen's bureau in Tennessee and Georgia and planted cotton in Georgia for a year, before returning to Maine and engaging in various business ventures. He died in 1895.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref11" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[11]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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If Hunt was not going to use the Army of Virginia’s senior artillery officers, he desperately needed the battered and exhausted Federal batteries that contested Robert E. Lee’s gunners during the Second Manassas campaign. Henry Hunt hurriedly resupplied and outfitted 22 of Pope’s battle-worn batteries (nine regular and 13 volunteer) and rushed them northward into Maryland in pursuit of Lee’s victorious legions. Only 18 days after their defeat at Second Manassas, these weary gunners, would again face the Army of Northern Virginia on the banks of the Antietam.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[12]</span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>West Point Association of Graduates Report 1903 Annual Reunion</i>, page 39<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">OR 2 ”Report of Col. William T. Sherman, Thirteenth U. S. Infantry, commanding Third Brigade, First Division” page 368.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn3" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[3]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pope wrote “</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">To my personal staff I owe much gratitude and many thanks. Their duties were particularly arduous, and at, times led them into the midst of the various actions in which we were engaged. It is saying little when I state that they were zealous, untiring, and efficient throughout the campaign. I desire also specially to mention … Captain Piper, chief of artillery.” </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">It is very possible that Piper spent much of August 30<sup>th</sup>on Dogan Ridge where much of Pope’s artillery was located and very effectively employed. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(OR 12:2 page 49)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn4" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[4]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">There were no regular batteries in Sigel’s corps. Banks corps had Battery F, 4<sup>th</sup>US Artillery commanded by Captain Clermont Best (USMA 1847). McDowell’s corps had Battery B, 4<sup>th</sup>US Artillery commanded by Captain Joseph Campbell (USMA 1861) and Battery E, 4<sup>th</sup>US commanded by Captain Joseph Clark (USMA 1848). For purposes of this calculation, I do not count the Pennsylvania Reserve Division that had Dunbar Ransom’s battery. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn5" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[5]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The account of Tillson’s career is based on his biography in <i>The Union Army</i>volume 8, page 273<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn6" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[6]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">OR 12:2 McDowell’s Report of the Battle of Cedar Mountain page 171<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn7" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[7]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Battery E, 1<sup>st</sup>Rhode Island Light Artillery was the only organic battery that went with the Third Corps<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn8" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[8]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Wise, Jennings <i>The Long Arm of Lee</i>Volume 1 Richmond VA Owens Publishing Company reprinted 1988) page 270</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn9" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[9]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">SO No. 4 HQ Grand Reserve Division Jan 14 1863 OR 21:1 pg 973</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn10" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[10]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">“The Case of Colonel Schirmer” <i>Cleveland Daily Leader</i>August 21 1865; newspapers.com<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn11" title="">[11]</a><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Union Army</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">volume 8, page 273<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn12" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[12]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The 22 batteries were the </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">6<sup>th</sup>Maine Battery, 8<sup>th</sup>Massachusetts Battery, 1<sup>st</sup>Battery New Hampshire Artillery, Battery L, 1<sup>st</sup>New York Artillery, Battery L, 2<sup>nd</sup>New York Artillery, Battery A, 1<sup>st</sup>Pennsylvania Artillery, Battery B, 1<sup>st</sup>Pennsylvania Artillery, Battery F, 1<sup>st</sup>Pennsylvania Artillery, Independent Battery C, Pennsylvania Artillery, Independent Battery D, Pennsylvania Artillery, Independent Battery F, Pennsylvania Artillery Battery C, 1<sup>st</sup>Rhode Island Artillery, Battery D, 1<sup>st</sup>Rhode Island Artillery, Battery E&G, 1<sup>st</sup>U.S. Artillery, Battery K, 1<sup>st</sup>U.S. Artillery Battery E, 2<sup>nd</sup>U.S. Artillery Battery E, 4<sup>th</sup>U.S. Artillery, Battery B, 4<sup>th</sup>U.S. Artillery, Battery C, 5<sup>th</sup>U.S. Artillery, Battery D, 5<sup>th</sup>U.S. Artillery, Battery I, 5<sup>th</sup>U.S. Artillery, Battery K, 5<sup>th</sup>U.S. Artillery</span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-32850190928241391272018-11-02T08:54:00.000-04:002018-11-02T20:43:51.434-04:00The Power of Twelve<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Cambria; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Col. Stephen D. Lee</td></tr>
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There are a lot of ways to measure artillery performance in battle. They include comparison of the artillery leadership, the artillery organization of the opposing armies, number of guns, the type of guns, the number of batteries, the terrain on which the guns are located, how well each side adhered to artillery doctrine of the time, and whether the guns are properly supported by infantry. <o:p></o:p></div>
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At the beginning of the Maryland Campaign, the Confederate Army was well into the process of organizing their artillery into battalions. In theory, a battalion organization meant that the guns were concentrated in groups of two or more batteries under a field grade officer. The Union Army called these organizations brigades instead of battalions but they were essentially the same organization. The only true artillery brigades in the Union Army at this time were in the Artillery Reserve commanded by Henry Hunt till his elevation to be Chief of Artillery for the Army of the Potomac on September 4<sup>th</sup>, 1862. Creating artillery brigades in the Union infantry corps was something that would not happen until after the Battle of Chancellorsville. <o:p></o:p></div>
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This system permitted flexibility in the deployment of artillery. It potentially allowed for movement of battalions from one threatened sector to another and equally important concentration of artillery fire. As the battalion system evolved, artillery resupply could potentially become more efficient as well. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Col. James Walton</td></tr>
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Without a battalion system, individual batteries were assigned directly to infantry brigade and division commanders. Artillery fire is most effective when concentrated and it was difficult to get cooperation with other infantry commanders to concentrate artillery fire. Further, commanders would resist any efforts to move “<i>their</i>” batteries to other locations. A battalion (or brigade) system would mitigate (but not eliminate) these problems.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Despite the implementation of this system by the Confederate Army, it was far from perfect. Jennings Wise, the famed chronicler of Robert E. Lee’s artillery, characterized these battalions at this time, as possessing “little organization as tactical units, but … merely collections or groups of battery units possessing practically no tactical cohesion.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[i]</span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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The Confederate artillery battalions may have lacked cohesion and experience working as tactical units. However they possessed a relatively large number of field grade artillery officers. In the army, field grade officers rank between major and colonel. They typically command at the battalion and regimental level and serve as senior staff officers. They should be subject matter experts in their branch of service. They could talk (or argue) with authority about their branch of service with their less knowledgeable infantry brethren. Having field grade artillery officers also means that there is a commander and staff that can oversee the logistics of artillery. Finally if the guns had to be moved (as they often did in the Army of Northern Virginia at Antietam), there was a leader with the rank and authority to do it. <o:p></o:p></div>
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On the Union side where there were many fewer artillery field grade officers at Antietam. How big was the discrepancy in field grade officers between the opposing forces? On the Confederate side, there were 17 field grade officers who accompanied the Army of Northern Virginia into Maryland. Twelve were on the battlefield on September 17<sup>th</sup>. Brief sketches of these 17 officers appears below:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Longstreet’s Right Wing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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1<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Colonel James Walton</b> (1813-1885) (Louisiana) Chief of Artillery/Battalion Commander, Right Wing; <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">He served with the <u>Washington Artillery</u> in the Mexican War (1856 - 57) and by 1857 was colonel commanding the battalion. It was Walton who initiated an ill-advised artillery barrage on the Union guns of position across the Antietam near the Middle Bridge on the 16<sup>th</sup>. Vigorous Union counterbattery fire from the longer range and heavier Union guns compelled Longstreet to order Walton to call it off. On the 17<sup>th</sup>, Walton generally commanded various batteries (not all from his own battalion) in the center of the Confederate line. His own four batteries held various positions from the orchard near the Sunken Road to Snavely’s Ford on the southern end of the line. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></a> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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2<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Colonel Henry C.</b><b>Cabell (1820-1899)</b>(Virginia) Chief of Artillery/Battalion Commander, McLaw’s Division; <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Before the war he commanded the <u>Richmond Fayette Artillery</u> (organized in 1821). When the 1<sup>st</sup> Virginia Artillery regiment was formed he was appointed lieutenant colonel. Cabell was ill during the Maryland Campaign but returned to duty on September 17<sup>th</sup>.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[iii]</span></span></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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3<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Major Samuel P. Hamilton (1826-1891)</b> (Georgia) Assistant Chief of Artillery, McLaw’s Division. He commanded <span class="apple-converted-space"><u>Company A 1<sup>st</sup>Georgia</u> which was organized as artillery on July 24<sup>th</sup> 1861; He was appointed a major in Cabell’s artillery battalion July 14<sup>th</sup> 1862; </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Major Hamilton was acting Chief of Artillery to General McLaws </span>and deployed McLaw’s artillery on Maryland Heights on September 13<sup>th</sup>1862. Hamilton served under <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Colonel Cabell who sufficiently recovered from illness to return to his duties on the field at Sharpsburg on September 17th.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[iv]</span></span></span></a> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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4<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Major John S. Saunders (1836-1904) </b>(Virginia) Chief of Artillery/Battalion Commander, R.H. Anderson’s Division; USMA graduate 1858. Served in the <u>Second U.S. Artillery</u>and Ordnance Department before resigning <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">on April 21<sup>st</sup>, 1861. He served as ordnance officer in Richmond, and Chief of Artillery at Norfolk and Vicksburg before being assigned as artillery battalion commander in the Army of Northern Virginia. Saunder’s four batteries generally fought together on the Reel Ridge and Piper Farm lane area of the battlefield supporting the defense of the Sunken Road.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[v]</span></span></span></a></span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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5<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Major Bushrod <span class="apple-converted-space">Frobel (1826-1888)</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space">(Virginia) Chief of Artillery/Battalion Commander, John B. Hood’s Division; Frobel was a</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> civil engineer with the U.S. Revenue Service before the War. He was first commissioned as a lieutenant, in the Confederate State Navy before joining the army as a lieutenant of artillery on October 7, 1861; He commanded the <u>"Cockpit Point Battery"</u> on the Potomac River. Frobel was on General Whiting's staff at the Seven Days in June 1862. He was promoted major and Chief of Artillery to General Hood July 22, 1862. Frobel’s three batteries served for much of the day along the Boonsboro Pike on a hill to the right of the turnpike road a short distance in front of Sharpsburg. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[vi]</span></span></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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NOTE: No chiefs of artillery are identified for the divisions of John Walker and David R. Jones. Walker had two batteries at Antietam. Jones had one battery.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Jackson’s Left Wing<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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6<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Colonel Stapleton Crutchfield (1835-1865)</span></b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> (Virginia) Chief of Artillery, Left Wing; VMI graduate in 1855 and professor with Jackson; Major in 9<sup>th</sup>Virginia and then 58<sup>th</sup> Virginia. Colonel and chief of artillery in Jackson’s Valley District. Crutchfield was not present at Sharpsburg during the battle. He remained at Harper's Ferry organizing captured guns and ammunition and arrived at Sharpsburg on the evening of the 17<sup>th</sup>. Crutchfield was killed in action at Sailor’s Creek on April 6, 1865. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[vii]</span></span></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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7<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Lieutenant Colonel Reuben Lindsay Walker (1827-1890)</b> (Virginia) Chief of Artillery/Battalion Commander, A.P. Hill’s Division; 1845 VMI graduate. In 1861 appointed commander of <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">the </span><u>Purcell Artillery<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">.</span></u><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> He saw action at </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">First Bull Run</span></a><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, and was promoted to major on March 20<sup>th</sup>1862, and lieutenant colonel on July 3<sup>rd</sup>1862. Walker’s artillery played an important role in subduing the Federal garrison at Harpers Ferry and he brought four batteries to Antietam where they had a key role in A.P. Hill’s attack on Burnside’s Ninth Corps. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[viii]</span></span></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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8<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Major Alfred R. Courtney</b> <b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(1833-1914)</span></b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> (Virginia) Chief of Artillery/Battalion Commander, Ewell’s Division; </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Enrolled as second lieutenant, 38<sup>th</sup> Battalion Virginia Heavy Artillery on 15 May 1861. Commissioned captain of his own battery (<u>Courtney's Henrico (VA)</u>) on July 8<sup>th</sup>, 1861; Courtney was c</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">onvicted by court-martial (date not given) for dereliction of duty for not bringing forward more ammunition and 3 batteries of the battalion as ordered (by artillery chief Pendleton) at Sharpsburg on 16 and 17 September, and for being absent without leave for almost a month following the battle.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[ix]</span></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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10<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b> </b><b>Major Lindsay M. Shumaker (1824?-1884)</b> (Virginia) <span class="apple-converted-space">Chief of Artillery/Battalion Commander, the Stonewall Division; Appointed</span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> second lieutenant of the Virginia First Regiment of Foot in 1846 as it was organized for the Mexican War.</span> Captain <u>Danville Artillery</u>(VA) April 1861. Participant in the Greenbrier campaign in Western Virginia in fall of 1861; Appointed major July 5<sup>th</sup> 1862. At Antietam, Shumaker commanded several batteries of Jackson’s command that initially defended the West Woods in the early morning. Driven back by the Federal guns of position and Union First Corps artillery, these batteries regrouped on Hauser’s Ridge. According to William Poague, Shumaker was deaf.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref10" title="">[x]</a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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11<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Major Francis Scipio Pierson </b>(Louisiana) Chief of Artillery/Battalion Commander, D.H. Hill’s Division; <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Pierson had experience in the French artillery before the War. He enrolled as first lieutenant in the first months of the war with Company E, First Battalion Louisiana Zouaves. That unit became </span><u>DeGournay’s Battery</u>(LA); He was promoted to major on March 27<sup>th</sup> 1862; Pierson<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> commanded D.H. Hill’s guns at Antietam but left no report. Captain Thomas Carter said that Pierson helped to organize the Confederate batteries on the Reel Ridge.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[xi]</span></span></span></a> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Cavalry Division<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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12<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Major John Pelham (1838-1863)</b>(Alabama) attended USMA 1856-1861. Lieutenant <u>Alburtis Artillery</u> in 1861; captain March 23 1862; major August 9 1863; The Stuart Horse Artillery battalion was probably still largely an administrative unit with each of the three batteries serving with a different cavalry brigade on other parts of the field. At Nicodemus Heights and later at Hauser’s Ridge, Pelham brilliantly commanded his own battery and four batteries from Jackson’s command. Pelham was killed at Kelly’s Ford on March 17, 1863 and was posthumously promoted to lieutenant colonel.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref12" title="">[xii]</a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Reserve Artillery </span></b>During the campaign the five battalions of the Reserve Artillery operated as a loose formation with the battalions constantly being detached from Pendleton to serve elsewhere. Pendleton served mostly as a chief of artillery for the entire army in matters of inspection and administration.<o:p></o:p></div>
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13<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Colonel Stephen D. Lee</b> <b>(1833-1908)</b>(South Carolina) Battalion Commander, Reserve Artillery; USMA graduate in 1854. Served with the <u>Fourth U.S. Artillery</u><span style="background-color: #fafafa; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">in Texas, Florida, Kansas, and the Dakotas. Resigned </span>in 1861. ADC to Beauregard at Fort Sumter. Major November 1861, lieutenant colonel March 1862, Artillery McLaws Division April – June; Artillery Magruder’s Division – July 1862; colonel July 9 1862. His artillery battalion was attached to Longstreet’s wing. <span style="background-color: #fafafa; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Lee’s battalion started the battle on the Dunker Church plateau and provided invaluable fire support to Jackson’s wing until it was driven from the position by the Federal guns of position across the Antietam and advancing Union infantry. His four batteries pulled back at first to the Reel Ridge and then into town where they were somewhat refitted. They then joined Confederate defenders on Cemetery Hill for the remainder of the afternoon.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[xiii]</span></span></span></a> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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14<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">Lieutenant Colonel Allen S. Cutts (1827-1896)</span></b><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">(Georgia) Commander Sumter (Georgia) Artillery </span>Battalion, Reserve Artillery<span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">; Artillery private in Mexican War. Planter in Americus Georgia. Captain <u>Sumter Flying Artillery </u>(GA) July 6 1861; major May 22 1862; lieutenant colonel May 26 1862; During the Maryland Campaign, </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">his battalion was left behind in the retreat from South Mountain but he managed to rejoin the army. </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">At Antietam Cutt’s battalion </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">primarily supported </span><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">D.H. Hill;<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[xiv]</span></span></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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15<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Major Hilary P. Jones</b> <b>(1833-1913)</b>(Virginia) Battalion Commander, Reserve Artillery; lieutenant <u>Morris Artillery </u>(VA) (Page’s Battery at Antietam); captain February 1862; major May 28 1862; His battalion was located in the center of the Confederate line and engaged Federal batteries across the Antietam. His four batteries assisted D.H. Hill in the defense of the Piper Farm area after the Union advance to the Sunken Road.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref15" title="">[xv]</a><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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16<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Colonel John Thompson Brown (1835-1864)</b>(Virginia)<b></b>Commander First Virginia Light Artillery Regiment,<b></b>Reserve Artillery; Second Lieutenant <u>Second Company Richmond Howitzers</u>; elected captain of company May 9 1861. Fought at Big Bethel June 10, 1861; Appointed major <span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">in September 1861 and a lieutenant colonel of the 1<sup>st</sup> Virginia Artillery in the spring of 1862. Promoted to </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">colonel</span></a><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> on June 2, 1862. Brown led the battalion in the artillery reserve of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Army of Northern Virginia</span></a><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;"> in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;">Seven Days Battles</span></a><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">. In the Maryland Campaign the battalion was detached on September 14<sup>th</sup> to guard Light’s Ford at Williamsport where it remained until September 19th. At the battle of the Wilderness </span>on May 6, 1864, Brown was killed by a sharpshooter while seeking a position for the guns in his division.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref16" title="">[xvi]</a><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Major William Nelson (1808-1892)</b> (Virginia) Battalion Commander, Reserve Artillery; captain<u>Hanover Light Artillery</u> April 1861; Nelson was dropped in April 1862; at the batteries reorganization and his brother assumed command; major of artillery May 26 1862; lieutenant colonel, March 3 1863; colonel February 18<sup>th</sup> 1865; During the battle, Nelson’s battalion guarded Boteler’s Ford where it remained until the Battle of Shepherdstown.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref17" title="">[xvii]</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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Twelve of these officers (Walton, Cabell, Hamilton, Saunders, Frobel, Walker, Shumaker, Pierson, Pelham, Lee, Cutts, and Jones) were present at the Battle of Antietam. Compared to their Union counterparts, the Confederate field grades had significantly less military experience. They usually had about a year commanding at the battery level before assuming higher rank. Five had a military education. Lee, and Saunders graduated from West Point. Pelham attended the Military Academy for five years but was denied his diploma when the firing on Fort Sumter forced him to leave just days before graduation. Crutchfield and Walker graduated from VMI. Pierson is said to have served as an artillerist in the French Army prior to the Civil War. Shumaker was mustered in to a Virginia regiment for the Mexican War but never actually served. James Walton and Henry Cabell had pre-war militia experience commanding artillery militia batteries (the Washington Artillery for Walton and the Fayette (Virginia) Artillery for Cabell.) All these officers served in combat with the Army of Northern Virginia during the summer of 1862 and that was perhaps good enough. <o:p></o:p></div>
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In contrast, the Federal Army had just <i>three</i>field grade artillery officers present as the opposing armies squared off for the Battle of Antietam. <o:p></o:p></div>
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1<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Lieutenant Colonel William Hays (1819-1875)</b>(Virginia) Commander Artillery Reserve; USMA 1840; 22 year veteran of artillery service in the Second U.S. Artillery; Served in combat with <u>Battery A, Second U.S. Artillery</u>with Henry Hunt in Mexico; Hays commanded the Horse Artillery Brigade in the Artillery Reserve prior to appointment to Chief of the Artillery Reserve in early September 1862. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref18" title="">[xviii]</a><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Lieutenant Colonel George Getty (1819-1901)</b> (DC) Chief of Artillery Ninth Corps; USMA 1840; 22 year veteran of artillery service in the <u>Fourth U.S. Artillery</u>including combat in Mexico. Getty commanded a brigade in the Artillery Reserve prior to appointment as Chief of Artillery of the Ninth Corps in early September 1862.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>Major Francis Clarke (1820-1866)</b> (New York) Chief of Artillery Second Corps; USMA 1840; 22-year veteran of artillery service in the <u>Fourth U.S. Artillery</u>including command of an artillery battalion in Utah prior to the Civil War. <o:p></o:p></div>
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What they lacked in quantity, the Union field grades possessed in a dominating qualitative edge of artillery experience over their Confederate brethren. Hays, Getty and Clarke were all professional artillery officers. All graduated together from West Point Class in 1840. Hays and Getty were Mexican War veterans. Both served directly under Hunt in the Artillery Reserve in the summer of 1862 and understood his operating style. Clarke had been Sumner’s artillery chief since the Second Corps was established in March of 1862 and was in all of that corps’ battles in front of Richmond.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Major Albert Arndt, commander of the First N.Y. Light Artillery (German) Battalion, Artillery Reserve was present until September 16<sup>th</sup>. Arndt had experience with the Prussian Army prior to immigrating to the United States. He served credibly with his battalion in the Artillery Reserve on the Peninsula and was elevated to command of the battalion when Hunt fired Colonel Andreas Breckel. Hunt referred to Arndt as an<span style="font-family: MerriweatherSans-Light;">“experienced and excellent officer</span>.” Arndt was killed on September 16<sup>th</sup>while positioning the guns of his battalion on the east bank of the Antietam.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[xix]</span></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></div>
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There were undoubtedly other field officers with artillery backgrounds in the Union Army during the battle but none served in artillery positions (that I could find). There were two other Union field grade officers assigned to senior artillery positions but they were not present at Antietam. Colonel Charles Wainwright, First New York Light Artillery previously served under Hooker as his divisional Chief of Artillery in the Third Corps. Hooker named Wainwright to be Chief of Artillery for the First Corps when “Fighting Joe” was elevated to that command. Wainwright did not join his new command immediately arriving on the battlefield on September 19th. In Wainwright’s absence, Hooker essentially served as his own chief of artillery and personally positioned his batteries until he was wounded. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Colonel Charles Tompkins, First Rhode Island Light Artillery was Chief of Artillery in the Sixth Corps. During the Maryland Campaign, Tompkins was in Rhode Island recruiting and missed the battle. William Franklin however had two very capable division chiefs of artillery. Lieutenant Emory Upton was Henry Slocum’s artillery chief. Romeyn Ayres served in that same position in William F. Smith’s division.<o:p></o:p></div>
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To be sure, the regular army captains commanding Federal artillery at Antietam were every bit as experienced to command at the field grade level. They included Stephen Weed in the Fifth Corps, Romeyn Ayres in the Sixth Corps, Clermont Best in the Twelfth Corps, and John Tidball, Horatio Gibson and James Robertson in the Horse Artillery. Ayres, Best, Tidball and Gibson all graduated in the West Point Class of 1847. Weed graduated in 1854. Robertson enlisted in the artillery in 1838 and was commissioned directly from the enlisted ranks in 1848. Had they accepted infantry commissions (like John Gibbon) all would have likely been at least infantry colonels by the Maryland Campaign. The fact is that no matter how much technical experience they possessed, they did not have the rank. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Henry Hunt recognized this. After Antietam, Hunt pressed repeatedly for promotion or brevet promotion of his artillery officers. Brevets would eventually come but direct promotions in the small regular army artillery establishment were extremely rare. The War Department and Henry Halleck in particular refused Hunt’s request to permit artillery officers to serve at their brevet rank.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">LTC Reuben L. Walker</td></tr>
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In reading the reports of Robert E. Lee’s senior artillery commanders, studying Carman’s narrative, and viewing the Carman-Copes maps, it is clear that Lee’s senior artillery officers played a decisive role in ensuring that Confederate artillery was at the right place at the right time throughout the day. By late morning on September 17<sup>th</sup>the Confederate situation was perilous. Fortunately for Lee and his generals, decisions to relocate Confederate artillery and implementation of those movement orders would be done by men with the necessary rank to make it happen.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pelham’s guns moved from Nicodemus Heights to Hauser’s Ridge. Shumaker’s guns initially located in the West Woods also moved back to Hauser’s Ridge. Stephen D. Lee’s guns started the day on the Dunker Church plateau. Driven off by William Hays’ guns of position east of the Antietam, Lee moved initially to the Reel Ridge and then to Cemetery Hill in the center of the Confederate line after refitting. Frobel, Pierson, and Jones were constantly shifting their guns to confront different Union threats. Reuben Walker’s artillery battalion of A.P. Hill’s division added its weight to the fight at the end of the day and helped to halt the surging Ninth Corps advance. The combined efforts of these officers, battery commanders, and their gallant artillerists meant that Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia would live to fight another day.<o:p></o:p></div>
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A 4:1 ratio (12 Confederate to 3 Union) in field grade artillery officers is a startling metric. It is one that I have never seen addressed before. Though the overall numbers are small, the presence of field grade officers among the artillery commands, particularly on the Confederate side, is a significant factor. As we measure artillery performance at Antietam, the role of these senior field grades certainly merits further study.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[i]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Wise, Jennings Cropper. </span><i><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 10pt;">The Long Arm of Lee Volume 1, </span></i><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 10pt;">Owens Publishing Company, (1915 (1988)), </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">page 344</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[ii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">OR 19:1 <i>Report of Colonel J. B. Walton, Washington (Louisiana) Artillery, of the Battle of Sharpsburg</i>; page 848<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[iii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">OR 19:1 <i>Reports of Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaws, C.S. Army, commanding division of operations September 10-17</i>; page 860<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[iv]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ibid; page 854,855.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[v]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Maps of the Battlefield of Antietam Surveyed by Lieut. Col. E.B. Cope, Revised Edition 1908; Map # 9 10:30 AM.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[vi]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">OR 19:1 <i>Report of Maj. B.W. Frobel, C.S. Army, Chief of Artillery, of the battle of Sharpsburg</i>; page 925<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[vii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">OR 19:1, <i>Reports of Col. S. Crutchfield, C.S. Army, Chief of Artillery, of operations September 13-19</i>; page 962.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[viii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">OR 19:1 <i>Report of Lieut. Col. R.L. Walker, C.S. Army, commanding Artillery Battalion, of operations September 13-17</i>; page 983.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[ix]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pawlak, Kevin. “Shamed at Sharpsburg: The Court Martial Case of Alfred Courtney” <i>Antietam Brigades</i>, May 20, 2018, antietambrigades.blogspot.com/2018/05/shamed-at-sharpsburg-court-martial-case.html.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[x]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Poague, William. </span><i><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 10pt;">Gunner with Stonewall: Reminiscences Of William Thomas Poague, Lieutenant, Captain, Major, and Lieutenant Colonel Of Artillery, Army Of Northern Virginia, CSA, 1861-65: a Memoir Written For His Children in 1903</span></i><span style="color: #323232; font-size: 10pt;">,<span class="result-subtitle">University Of Nebraska Press, 1998</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-color: white; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">, page 35</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn11" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[xi]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">OR 19:1 <i>Report of Capt. Thomas H. Carter, commanding King William (Virginia) Artillery, of the battle of Sharpsburg</i>; page 1030.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn12" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[xii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Krick, Robert E. L. “</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #0a0a0a; font-size: 10pt;">Defending Lee's Flank J. E. B. Stuart, John Pelham, and Confederate Artillery on Nicodemus Heights.” </span><i><span style="border: 1pt none; color: #444444; font-size: 10pt; padding: 0in;">The Antietam Campaign</span></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-size: 10pt;">. edited by Gary Gallagher Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">page 192.</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn13" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[xiii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">OR 19:1 <i>Report of Col. Stephen D. Lee, C.S. Army, commanding artillery battalion, of the battle of Sharpsburg</i>, page 855.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn14" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[xiv]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Harsh, Joseph L.<i>Sounding the Shallows: A Confederate Companion for the Maryland Campaign of 1862,</i>Kent State University Press (2000) page 82.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h5 style="break-after: avoid-page; color: #243f60; font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal; margin: 0in 0in 2.25pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn15" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[xv]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10pt;"><i>Sounding the Shallows,</i>page 83. </span><span class="result-subtitle"><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10pt;">Johnson, Curt and Anderson, Richard C. </span></span><i><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10pt;">Artillery Hell: the Employment Of Artillery At Antietam</span></i><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10pt;">, <span class="result-subtitle">Texas A & M University Press – 1995, </span></span><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10pt;">page 99.</span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h5>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn16" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[xvi]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>Sounding the Shallows </i>page 83.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn17" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[xvii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><i>Sounding the Shallows </i>page 84.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn18" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[xviii]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">OR 19:2 <i>Report of Lieut Col. William Hays, U.S. Army, commanding Artillery Reserve, of the battle of Antietam and skirmish at Blackford’s or Boteler’s Ford</i>. page 342.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_edn19" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[xix]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">OR 19:2 <i>Report of Brig. Gen. Henry J. Hunt, U.S. Army, Chief of Artillery, Army of the Potomac, of operations September 5-20</i>; page 342.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-67365691570488478812018-06-15T11:20:00.000-04:002018-06-15T11:20:45.071-04:00A Very Meager Lifeless Thing<span style="font-family: "cambria";">As a modern day researcher, I heartily agree with Lieutenant Colonel William T. Poague a noted Confederate Army artillery officer.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">Like Poague, I bemoan the bare bones nature of many of the unit reports found in the Official Records.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria";">I will let Poague speak for himself.</span><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> </span><span style="font-family: "cambria";"> He recalls the very first report that he penned when he commanded the Rockbridge Artillery at the Battle of Winchester fought on May 25, 1862:</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj51yBrVoJAOrAU6Iec61MPVVbo9WEWCoS1WUpUwbkmukqehDCX3FmiWxlOaAwPKKzXJpkhpNnPiLJYF9WfQMyVxtk2wtM-sfYDR_Vwe7p7bdNKk5HY4fuRIRebV_W3LWZBnKuby-XUFkSt/s1600/Poague+William_T.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="445" data-original-width="344" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj51yBrVoJAOrAU6Iec61MPVVbo9WEWCoS1WUpUwbkmukqehDCX3FmiWxlOaAwPKKzXJpkhpNnPiLJYF9WfQMyVxtk2wtM-sfYDR_Vwe7p7bdNKk5HY4fuRIRebV_W3LWZBnKuby-XUFkSt/s320/Poague+William_T.jpg" width="246" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">William T. Poague</td></tr>
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<i><span style="color: #505050;">"at this place I wrote my first report on my knee, and a very meager lifeless thing it was. I supposed that after the brigade commander saw it and read it, the firewood receive it. But low and behold, I find several of my very imperfect reports published in the rebellion records, as the U.S. Government calls the volumes.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></b></span></span></a>I ought to have embraced in them many things that were a part of the history of the battery and that would have reflected credit on the men. I find that many reports for so written, and if you make a comparative estimate of the services of our battery along with some others as based upon the reports of the commanding officer, ours would suffer by the comparison."<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftnref2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</span></b></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="color: #505050;">Poague is quite critical of his reports. I will say that they are not as good as some but much better than many others. Nevertheless I could not have said it any better.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[1]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Poague’s report of the Winchester battle, May 25, 1862 is in OR 12 part 1 pages 761-762<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_ftn2" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align: super;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[2]</span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Poague, William T. <i>Gunner with Stonewall – Reminiscences of William Thomas Poague</i>by William Thomas Poague edited by Monroe F. Cockrell. (Lincoln NE: University of Nebraska Press 1957) page 25</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-9129536519841307502018-03-16T06:58:00.002-04:002018-03-16T13:00:34.687-04:00In Perfect Order<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOfKxjU4bZBW0-0oExYpRdMsmLbjxdqKe7jARmoLkpw8wQ8oakInkJXWBRNUvbFMlDoabHOcEsa-Uz_O4k2Cx_WPVzeEsfNEk_zq1KFbmG9IYGDuiAs9pPvHXaXSCdWTdMRcX8BQHsLeje/s1600/Hazlett+West+Point.tiff" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1325" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOfKxjU4bZBW0-0oExYpRdMsmLbjxdqKe7jARmoLkpw8wQ8oakInkJXWBRNUvbFMlDoabHOcEsa-Uz_O4k2Cx_WPVzeEsfNEk_zq1KFbmG9IYGDuiAs9pPvHXaXSCdWTdMRcX8BQHsLeje/s200/Hazlett+West+Point.tiff" width="165" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lieutenant Charles Hazlett</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After the
Battle of Antietam, Henry Hunt the new Chief of Artillery for the Army of the
Potomac directed that an inspection be conducted of every artillery battery in
the army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hunt’s papers in the Library
of Congress contain detailed records of that first inspection.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Included
are reports from some 33 artillery batteries from every army corps but the
Sixth.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Lieutenant Colonel Charles Wainwright himself newly
appointed to the same post in the First Corps conducted inspections for that
command and reported his findings on October 6<sup>th</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lieutenant Alonzo Cushing at the time on
Sumner’s staff as the topographical engineer inspected Second and Twelfth Corps
artillery units.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He submitted his report
on October 8<sup>th</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lieutenant
Samuel Benjamin who commanded a 20-pound Parrott battery in the Ninth Corps completed
reports for is corps on October 23<sup>rd</sup>. Finally Lieutenant Colonel
Alexander Webb, inspector general of the Fifth Corps reviewed the artillery
batteries of Porter’s corps and submitted his report the next day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Webb’s reports are the most comprehensive of
the group.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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These officers evaluated the condition of the guns, limbers
and caissons. Did the company possess the basic load of 250 rounds per gun and
was it properly and safely packed?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Inspectors carefully checked the health and care of artillery
horses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Was there a proper supply of
forage and hay?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Were harnesses properly
cared for?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Were there enough artillery
implements and tools for the guns? Were there enough tents?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Did the brigade and/or division
quartermasters and commissary officers attend to the needs of the company?<o:p></o:p></div>
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They looked at the condition and cleanliness of the
men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Were they all equipped and
effective for combat? How was their military bearing?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Was new clothing available?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Did they have their knapsacks?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Were officers and men receiving daily
recitations of Army Regulations and tactics? How many times a day did the
officers and sergeants conduct calls, drill and guard mount?<o:p></o:p></div>
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Did the commander accurately account for all company property?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Were his company books and returns accurate
and complete?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Was his camp laid out correctly
and properly policed?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Where was the
nearest hospital tent?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally was the
commander effectively in charge?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
inspector ended each inspection with a sentence to the effect that the battery
was or was not “efficient.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Though the report narrative for each category is very brief,
sometimes just one or two words, the reports are surprisingly
comprehensive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They draw a fascinating picture
of the condition of the Union artillery immediately following the Battle of
Antietam.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Generally the guns and accouterments were very well
maintained and most batteries had their basic load of 250 rounds per gun.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One exception was Monroe’s Rhode Island Battery
which was about 70 rounds short for each gun though the battery had stashed a
larger than authorized amount of canister.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was no wonder considering what Monroe had been through in the past 60
days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His battery was nearly overrun at
Second Manassas and there had been some dicey moments at Antietam too.<o:p></o:p></div>
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The biggest problem was the number and condition of the
horses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of the batteries did not
have enough horses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The army was in the
process of condemning unfit horses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
were in short supply and “smallish.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
the Ninth Corps, the horses were coming down with what Lieutenant Benjamin
called greasy heel. This was a bacterial disease caused by insufficient diet,
exposure to dampness, and rough riding conditions.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Benjamin reported that many batteries in his
corps were short of horseshoes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Overall,
there were many reports that the supply of hay was inadequate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Many batteries were in need of clothing for the men. In the
weeks after the battle McClellan and the Union quartermaster general Montgomery
Meigs were engaged in a barrage of telegrams on the logistics situation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meigs maintained that adequate stocks had
been shipped to the army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>McClellan and
his quartermaster Rufus Ingalls disagreed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Whatever the case, new clothing was not reaching some of the artillery
batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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The regular batteries were generally rated the most military
in bearing and drill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Several of them
only had one officer on hand.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Charles
Hazlett was the only officer in Battery D, Fifth Artillery. James Stewart in
Battery B, Fourth Artillery was another case in point. Wainwright pointedly
noted also that Battery B was comprised almost entirely of volunteers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of the 140 enlisted men, 123 or 93% were of
volunteers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ransom’s regular battery
lost all of their books (company records) at Second Bull Run.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande";">In the Second Corps, Evan Thomas’ Battery A, </span>Fourth <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande";">Artillery had moved
out of Washington so quickly at the beginning of the Maryland Campaign that
they left their </span>knapsacks containing all their personal clothing on barge
at Georgetown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The men had essentially
been in the same clothes for six weeks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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A good volunteer battery was Matthew’s Battery F, First
Pennsylvania Light Artillery. This fine outfit stood firm in the Cornfield
along with Ransom and Stewart and was instrumental in halting the Confederate
attacks there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wainwright found
discipline excellent, a rating hard to earn from that very finicky officer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Then there was Company L, First Ohio Light Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was a new battery that arrived after
Antietam to add an artillery complement to Humphrey’s Third Division of the
Fifth Corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It had not seen a lot of
action.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was with Shield’s division in
the Department of the Rappahannock and for most of the summer and fall had been
in the Washington defenses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Its
commander was <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande";">Lieutenant
Frederick Dorries</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lieutenant
Colonel Webb found the battery “decidedly unmilitary on parade…the command was
overall inefficient, officers were <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande";">not well acquainted with their duties…the Orderly Sergeant does
not wear chevrons and lives with commissioned officers; he does not know
duties, property is not accounted for, no training offered, files not complete,
This battery is in miserable condition owing to the inefficiency of the
officers.” It was left to be seen whether this battery would be ready for
action before the next campaign.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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While Dorries’ battery had a lot of work to do to meet Henry
Hunt’s standards, there was one battery that stood out. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This battery was organized by Charles Griffin,
an artillery instructor at United States Military Academy at the start of the
war and was comprised of West Point artillery soldiers, and such graduates of
the Class of 1861 as Henry Kingsbury, Adelbert Ames and Charles Hazlett.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From this pedigree, it became known as the
West Point Battery. Battery D, Fifth U.S. Artillery made its first appearance
at First Bull Run under Griffin where it lost its guns in the climactic
struggle on Henry Hill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When Griffin
took command of an infantry brigade in Morell’s division, his gunners found a
place as the regular army battery assigned to that command. The battery did well
under Henry Kingsbury at Gaines Mill and Malvern Hill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kingsbury would credit the battery’s success
to “Hazlett’s <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">unwearied
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">exertions
of </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">preparation.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While Ames and Kingsbury eventually accepted
volunteer commissions to command the 20<sup>th</sup> Maine and 11<span style="font-size: 13.333333015441895px;">th</span> Connecticut Infantry respectively, Hazlett remained with the artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The young Ohioan led his gunners at Second
Manassas firing over 1,000 rounds of ammunition and barely escaping capture
while supporting <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gouveneur</span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warren’s</span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span>Fifth New York Infantry as it was nearly
destroyed by rampaging Confederates.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At Antietam the battery was part of Henry
Hunt’s line of guns of position and remained east of the creek during the battle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hazlett and his men were deeply saddened to
learn the news of the death of Kingsbury who fell leading his regiment at the
Burnside Bridge. On September 19<sup>th</sup> and 20<sup>th</sup> the Battery D
participated in the artillery duel during Battle of Shepherdstown where the men
were overjoyed to learn that Griffin’s infantry recaptured one of their lost
Bull Run guns. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Webb a graduate of West Point in 1855 was a Second Artillery
officer before the war and aide to former Chief of Artillery William Barry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was thoroughly qualified to inspect the
artillery batteries of the Fifth Corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As
he began the inspection of Hazlett’s battery, he noted several times in his
report that the lieutenant was the only officer present.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande";"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Despite this he found the battery’s six
10-pound Parrots in good condition, the ammunition <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in perfect order</i></b>, horses
and caissons in very good condition, the men well supplied with clothing and
the command overall very efficient and orderly. Company records were all in
hand and well kept and the camp was “<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande";">in admirable police; the neatest in the artillery of the corps.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The only problems were not in the battery
itself but with the Quartermaster Department in that the wants of the battery
are not normally anticipated. Overall Webb pronounced the battery is in
admirable condition but pointedly indicated that it needed five officers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Hazlett’s “<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">unwearied </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">exertions of </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">preparation”
continued to maintain the West Point Battery as one of the finest in the Army
of the Potomac. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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In nine months Alexander Webb would lead the Philadelphia
Brigade to immortality at the Copse of Trees at Gettysburg on July 3<sup>rd</sup>
1863.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He would live another 48 years,
honored and respected for his key role in the Union victory at that important
battle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Charles Hazlett would not fare
so well. The day before Pickett’s charge, a rebel sharpshooter killed Hazlett on
Little Round Top.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While leaning close to
catch the dying words of his friend and fellow artilleryman Stephen Weed,
Hazlett was struck by a bullet in the forehead and died instantly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was 24 years old.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The findings of Hunt’s artillery inspectors should not always
be completely regarded as a bad reflection on the battery commanders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like their Confederate counterparts, the
artillerymen of the Army of the Potomac had been marching and fighting
continuously since the end of May.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Second, Fifth and Sixth Corps had seen hard fighting on the Peninsula.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The First, and Twelfth were veterans of the
tough fights at Cedar Mountain and at earlier battles with Stonewall Jackson’s
Valley Army in the spring.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The First,
Fifth, Ninth and Twelfth fought hard at Second Manassas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The continuous marching, and fighting
stretched the logistic network to its limit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Men, horses and equipment were worn out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hunt’s series of inspections gave him and his officers a snapshot on the
overall condition of the command and a place to start from in the rebuilding of
the artillery corps of the Army of the Potomac. <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Grande";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Henry Hunt Papers, Library of Congress Box 7 Folder 6
(October – December 1862)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> 1<sup>st</sup> Corps 10 batteries, 5<sup>th</sup> Corps
9 batteries, 9<sup>th</sup> Corps 7 batteries, 2<sup>nd</sup> & 12<sup>th</sup>
Corps 7 batteries</span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Collea, Joseph <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
First Vermont Cavalry in the Civil War: A History </i>Jefferson NC: Jefferson McFarland
and Company 2010, page 92<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn4" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> OR 11:2 page 286 </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Report
of Lieut. Henry W. Kingsbury, Battery D, Fifth U.S. Artillery, of the battles
of Gaines Mill and Malvern Hill</span></i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn5" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">OR 12:2 page 468 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Reports
of Lieut. Charles E. Hazlett, Battery D, Fifth U.S. Artillery, of the battles
of Groveton and Bull Run</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="ftn6" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Of the other officers, Captain Griffin was commanding the brigade in Morell’s division, Lieutenants Harrison and Bolles were sick,
Lieutenant Reed was on recruiting duty and Lieutenant Hascall was on
detached service with the Quartermaster Department. Source:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>October 1862 Monthly Return<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-75072553215309346192018-01-29T10:22:00.000-05:002018-01-29T12:04:28.848-05:00That One Important Minute<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbAIkDR4zbrp-54PKKvhQdpkgZBNhXrHLIfgSIct1-IaVYBWVdnvr_pZxyBj1NxN4hUGQwsYMebcazzFHjQc5GutHyb9OADGq1Eygpq0pc5YFNDBFjzAOiijCMQcgEWv5w7I7TdhKeQhLU/s1600/Monroe+J.+Albert+closeup.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="331" data-original-width="298" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbAIkDR4zbrp-54PKKvhQdpkgZBNhXrHLIfgSIct1-IaVYBWVdnvr_pZxyBj1NxN4hUGQwsYMebcazzFHjQc5GutHyb9OADGq1Eygpq0pc5YFNDBFjzAOiijCMQcgEWv5w7I7TdhKeQhLU/s320/Monroe+J.+Albert+closeup.png" width="288" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">J. Albert Monroe, First Rhode Island Light Artillery</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
He called it “that one important minute”, the time when an
artillery commander had to make the decision to either throw one more round of
canister into the face of enemy infantry just yards away from his guns, or to
limber up and head to the rear. </div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Albert Monroe knew what he was talking about. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was born on October 25, 1836 at Swansea
Village Massachusetts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was distantly
related to President James Monroe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
1852 his family moved to Providence where he attended Providence High School
for two years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He worked in dry goods,
at a jewelry establishment and spent a semester teaching school. His goal was a
higher education.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1860 he was a
student at Brown University.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1854 <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Monroe joined the famed
Providence Marine Artillery, one of the premier artillery militia companies in
the North.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was a member for about
three years rising to the rank of Fifth Sergeant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of this unit’s soldiers would rise to
prominence in the famed First Rhode Island Light Artillery Regiment in the
Civil War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This regiment produced some
of the finest volunteer artillery batteries in the Union Army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At
the beginning of the war, Monroe was commissioned as a lieutenant in what
eventually became Battery A First Rhode Island Light Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The battery fought with distinction at the
First Battle of Bull Run.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In September
he was promoted to Captain and command of Battery D.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His company was assigned to what eventually
became Abner Doubleday’s division at Antietam.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Monroe’s biographer describes his
distinguished career:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He was chief of artillery to the divisions of McDowell, Doubleday
and Hooker successively; commander of the Artillery Camp of Instruction at
Washington, D. C.; chief of artillery commanding the artillery brigade of the Second
Army Corps; inspector and chief of staff of the Artillery Reserve of the Army
of the Potomac, commanding officer of the second division of the artillery brigade
of the Eighth Army Corps, and chief of artillery commanding the artillery
brigade of the Ninth Army Corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>… Monroe's
battle record is as follows: Fairfax Court House, First Bull Run, Falmouth;
Tar, Po and North Anna rivers; (cavalry skirmish), Thoroughfare Gap,
Rappahannock Station, Sulphur Springs, Gainesville, Groveton, Second Bull Run,
Annandale, South Mountain, Antietam, Kelly's Ford, Mine Run, Locust Grove,
Morton's Ford, Tolopotomy, Bethesda Church, Hawes’ Shop, Cold Harbor, Wilderness,
Po River, Spotsylvania, North Anna, First Assault of Petersburg, Fort Hell,
Siege of Petersburg, Mine Explosion, Avery Farm, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yellow Tavern and Pegram's Farm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perhaps
Monroe’s greatest moment was commanding his battery at Second Manassas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A group of federals officers who included
Phil Kearney watched the rebels attempt to capture Monroe’s guns three times. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As other batteries were swept up by the
advancing Confederates the seemingly impossible happened.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Awestruck, a</span>n artillery officer standing with Kearney recalled
the moment:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Our interest was centered in the battery, now all
alone, entirely without support, and all expected to see it gallop to the rear
and join the general stampede. " To our infinite surprise, after advancing
two hundred or three hundred yards to the rear, the captain <i>[Monroe]</i> again went into
battery, as if, single-handed, to defy the whole center of the rebel army The
assurance of the battery commander, his effrontery and impudence were as much
of a surprise to the rebels apparently as to us, and they seemed to be
staggered for a few minutes, as if in doubt whether or not our lines had reformed
and were about to advance again. Their doubts were soon dispersed, and then
they charged with such a dashing, impetuous rush that, apparently, the battery could
by no possibility escape. Again the horses and limbers plunged wildly forward
and it seemed as if the pintle-hooks of the limbers actually shot into the
lunettes of the trails of the gun carriages. Before the charging line reached
the ground that the guns stood upon and fired from, the battery was moving away
at a sharp trot. It looked as if the battery captain was playing and trifling
with the enemy, for when he reached the crest of the hill leading down into the
valley he went into battery again to pay a parting compliment to the Johnnies,
but he failed to surprise them for a third time and they resumed their formation
for a charge. The captain saw his danger, and without firing a shot he limbered
to the rear and coolly moved down the hill, where he was lost to our sight.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Twenty-five years after the war, Albert Monroe recalled that
fight in a paper he wrote for the <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Soldier
and Sailors Historical Society of Rhode Island.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He </span>bemoaned the fact that Northern historians had so far ignored the actions of the artillery in their writings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is largely still the case today.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Turning to that moment witnessed by Kearney
the old gunner, veteran, of many battles, reflected on the absolutely necessary
qualities of an artillery battery commander in battle. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He should have all the dash and impetuosity of a cavalry
leader, all the coolness of an infantry commander, for at times he must throw
his pieces forward like a whirlwind to the very front line and fling his iron
hail into the ranks of the enemy, where their success or reverse is just on the
balance, or, if the onslaught is irresistible, he must know, to the very last
moment, how long he can hold his position and deliver his fire with safety.
This is the time that tries his mettle. He sees the line of the enemy rapidly
advancing, gap after gap in the hostile line, torn out by his shot and shell,
filled as if men sprang out of the ground for the purpose of mocking him. On
they come until his canister rattles forth from his pieces like rain. The gaps
in the advancing line in his front increase in frequency, but they are no less frequently
filled, and the new men appear to be fresher and more determined than the
others. Then he knows that the escape of his command depends upon how much
punishment he can inflict, how much weakness he can cause up to the very moment
that he must get away. Wavering in mind for a single second then, indecision for
an instant at the supreme moment will prove to be his destruction, the severe
crippling, if not the entire loss of his entire command. If he leaves a minute
too soon the enemy quickly reaches the position he has occupied, comparatively
fresh, and pours into him a destructive fire as he hastens with his exhausted
men to the rear. If he uses <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">that important minute</i></b> to hurl
canister from pieces well depressed, the enemy reaches the position he has
abandoned, exhausted, torn and bleeding, and while he is gathering himself
together, the self-contained, well-manned battery may seek cover with
comparative leisure.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-DgDsm_6bIaxGuvjvBJ-C4Imd7Rfkuq0SYtuAtgnlCwsgRnv0FOCjAqVqwDaXfYv1UK_hERTPNQak930Jlm-w7ZDjpeh7HPyRvzC_bB6oCjOtNUxBS90PScFF56ovg5WgXGWl-vbjRYFn/s1600/Matthews+Battery+Antietam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1201" data-original-width="1482" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-DgDsm_6bIaxGuvjvBJ-C4Imd7Rfkuq0SYtuAtgnlCwsgRnv0FOCjAqVqwDaXfYv1UK_hERTPNQak930Jlm-w7ZDjpeh7HPyRvzC_bB6oCjOtNUxBS90PScFF56ovg5WgXGWl-vbjRYFn/s200/Matthews+Battery+Antietam.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Artillery gun position at Antietam</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Albert Monroe knew what he was talking about.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And only other men who commanded batteries <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">in extremis</i> knew the feeling too.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Men like James Ricketts or Charles Griffin at
First Bull Run.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Men like William Terrill
at Shiloh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Men like Henry De Hart or
Alanson Randol during the Seven Days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Men like Dunbar Ransom or James Stewart or Joseph Clark at
Antietam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Men like George Dickenson at
Fredericksburg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Men like John Mendenhall
and Frank Guenther at Stones River.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Men
like Clermont Best or Justin Dimick or Edmund Kirby at Chancellorsville.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Men like John Calef or George Woodruff or
Alonzo Cushing or Gulian Weir at Gettysburg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Men like Howard Burham at Chickamauga.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Men like Edward Williston at Trevillian Station.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Men like Albert Monroe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="ftn1" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Chapters 15 and 16 of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Maryland Campaign of 1862 Volume II: Antietam</i> by Ezra Carman
edited by Tom Clemens <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Savas-Beatie
2012) thoroughly cover Monroe’s role in the Battle of Antietam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additionally Monroe wrote a detailed
monograph titled<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Battery D, First Rhode Island Light Artillery at the Battle
of Antietam September 17, 1862 </span></i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">by J. Albert Monroe (Late Lieutenant
Colonel First Rhode Island Light Artillery (Providence: Soldier and Sailors
Historical Society of Rhode Island Third Series No. 16 Providence 1886)</span>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> This summary of Monroe’s military career comes from </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">John Albert Monroe First R.I. Light Artillery A Memorial</span></i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Providence:
Soldier and Sailors Historical Society of Rhode Island Fourth Series No. 18
Providence 1892), pages 31-33</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Battery D, First Rhode Island Light Artillery at the Second
Battle of Bull Run </span></i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">by J. Albert Monroe (Late Colonel First Rhode Island Light
Artillery (Providence: Soldier and Sailors Historical Society of Rhode Island
Fourth Series No. 10 Providence 1890), pages 29-31</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ibid</i> pages
8-10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-38518278408913107572018-01-08T21:55:00.000-05:002018-01-09T08:30:53.442-05:00“I have one favor to ask of you “ Influence and Connections<div style="text-align: left;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2u6vqhEZagKEG7mZUBoXtpkYUDnDwWYuKWD2bMveRrkyUtfCMHiPdbVZjDTFoBvt4y4RilFZNNwav0Hv9S0n5iJDervmE24TljyqbS73Wlky109p0HzcEBVFXoC0z8DO48fWz-ZIUupB8/s1600/Brown+Harvey+closeup.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="71" data-original-width="66" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2u6vqhEZagKEG7mZUBoXtpkYUDnDwWYuKWD2bMveRrkyUtfCMHiPdbVZjDTFoBvt4y4RilFZNNwav0Hv9S0n5iJDervmE24TljyqbS73Wlky109p0HzcEBVFXoC0z8DO48fWz-ZIUupB8/s200/Brown+Harvey+closeup.jpeg" width="185" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Colonel Harvey Brown Fifth Artillery</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
On May 4 1861
President Lincoln directed the first expansion of the Regular Army of the
United States since 1855. In that
earlier year two infantry and two cavalry regiments were added under the
auspices of Secretary of War Jefferson Davis.
Circumstances in 1861 were much different. The nation was at war with itself. The Regulars (it was believed) would form the
backbone of a large volunteer force being raised to put down a rebellion now
being lead by that former Secretary of War. </div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Lincoln’s
executive order (confirmed by Congress on July 29<sup>th</sup>) added ten
infantry regiments, two cavalry regiments and one artillery regiment to the
regular army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The artillery regiment
would be outfitted as light artillery meaning that the 12 companies would be
mounted with horses and guns. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The creation
of the new Fifth Artillery meant unprecedented career opportunities for the
officer corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All of the new field
grade officers (colonel, lieutenant colonel and majors) were drawn from the
ranks of the regular army and all were West Point graduates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Harvey
Brown (USMA 1818) a major of the Second Artillery since 1851 became the first
colonel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thomas Sherman (USMA 1836), a
captain in the Third Artillery since 1846 became the first lieutenant
colonel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The new majors were all
graduates of West Point between 1837 and 1839 and at the time of their promotions
were commanding companies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thomas
Williams (USMA 1837) of the Fourth Artillery commanded Company L.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>William Barry (USMA 1838), and Henry Hunt
(USMA 1839) commanded the two light companies of the Second Artillery A, and M
respectively.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The leadership of the
regiment was solid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All of its officers
were Mexican War veterans and Hunt and Barry in particular were known as
leading authorities on artillery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The captains
of eleven of the twelve batteries were West Point graduates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Five were commanding foot artillery companies
in other artillery regiments when appointed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Transfer to the Fifth Artillery meant command of a light company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The only captain appointed from the civilian
sector was James McKnight of Pennsylvania. McKnight was a militia officer of
broad experience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had commanded the
Ringgold Light Artillery Battery of Berks County Pennsylvania.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was a fully mounted battery<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with four six-pound guns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Ringgold Artillery was one of the “First
Defenders” from Pennsylvania to reach Washington after the fall of Fort
Sumter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The new
battery commanders of the Fifth Artillery were: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery A<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Captain George W. Getty USMA (USMA 1840)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Transferred from command of Company E, Fourth
Artillery (in command since 1854)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery B<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Captain James A. Hardie<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>USMA 1843)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Transferred from
command of Company G, Third Artillery<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(in
command since 1858)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery C<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Captain Truman Seymour (USMA 1846)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Transferred from command of Company G, First
Artillery <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(in command since Apr 1861)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery D<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Captain Charles Griffin (USMA 1847)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Transferred from command of Company B, Second
Artillery (in command since Apr 1861)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery E<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Captain Samuel F. Chalfin (USMA 1847) Transferred from
command of Company F, First Artillery (in command since Apr 1861)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery F<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Captain Romeyn B. Ayres (USMA 1847) Promoted to Captain from
Company F, Third Artillery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery G<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Captain Richard Arnold (USMA 1850) Promoted to Captain from
Company H, Third Artillery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery H<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Captain William R. Terrill (USMA 1853) Promoted to Captain
from Company C, Fourth Artillery <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(killed
at Perryville)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Captain Stephen H. Weed (USMA 1854) Promoted to Captain from
Company K, Fourth Artillery <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(killed at
Gettysburg)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery K<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Captain John R. Smead (USMA 1854) Promoted to Captain from
Company D, Second Artillery <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(mortally
wounded at Second Manassas)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery L<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Captain Henry V de Hart (USMA 1856) Promoted to Captain from
Company C, Third Artillery <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(killed at
Gaines Mill)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery M<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Captain James McKnight (PA 1861)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Appointed May 14, 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>McKnight commanded the Ringgold Light
Artillery (PA) since 1850<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The regular
army filled seven of the lieutenant vacancies in the regiment:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery A<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1 LT Herbert A. Hascall (USMA 1856), transferred from Company
A, Fourth Artillery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery B<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1LT Edmund C. Bainbridge (USMA 1856),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>transferred from Company H, Fourth Artillery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery C<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1LT Lorenzo Lorain (USMA 1856),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>transferred from Company L, Third Artillery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery D<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1LT George A. Kensel (USMA 1857),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>promoted from Company L, Fourth Artillery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery G<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1LT John W. Barriger (USMA 1856), transferred from Company L,
Second Artillery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery H<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1LT Francis L. Guenther (USMA 1859), promoted from Company E,
Fourth Artillery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1LT Norman Hall (USMA 1859) promoted from Company H, First
Artillery<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Eight of the
lieutenants came from the West Point class of May 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery D<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1LT Adelbert Ames <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery F<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1LT Leonard Martin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery G<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1LT Jacob B. Rawles<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery H<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1LT Jacob A. Smyser <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery I<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1LT Malbone Watson<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery L<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1LT Henry Kingsbury <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(killed at Antietam)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>1LT Charles Hazlett<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(killed
at Gettysburg)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery M<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1LT Emory Upton <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">In accordance
with Lincoln’s executive order and the subsequent enabling legislation, the
remaining 30 lieutenants were appointed directly from the civilian world.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the initial round of appointments, none
went to any enlisted men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This “Civilian
Class of 1861” produced many good artillery officers and a few great ones.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some would rise to the command of their
batteries as lieutenants during some of the fiercest battles of the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of these men ended up making the army
their career as well. One would be the first Chief of Artillery ever appointed
in peacetime.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two were killed in
action.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Ten of the
new officers were from Pennsylvania; four each were from Ohio, New York and DC,
one each were from New Jersey, Maryland, Massachusetts, Kentucky, Kansas,
Indiana, Delaware and one at large.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Perhaps the large number of Pennsylvania appointees, and the placement
of the regiment’s initial camp of instruction at Camp Greble near Harrisburg had
something to do with the fact that Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania was the
Secretary of War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To this former party
boss, patronage and policical favoritism were ingrained in his DNA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Bna8ws1H9tPQfcxjvW8hjZ7WFSuyqandJtCGDEgBCuCfSBwGuCWHAirLzsiBtaEAZjs41MH4fTk2I2uA34UaN5Ye2_8xVJ-UY-7JvIQfWQ1aVoi5SSvXTJp9t75lJszeV9IkOYolKgEG/s1600/Gansevoort+Henry+.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="560" data-original-width="482" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Bna8ws1H9tPQfcxjvW8hjZ7WFSuyqandJtCGDEgBCuCfSBwGuCWHAirLzsiBtaEAZjs41MH4fTk2I2uA34UaN5Ye2_8xVJ-UY-7JvIQfWQ1aVoi5SSvXTJp9t75lJszeV9IkOYolKgEG/s200/Gansevoort+Henry+.jpeg" width="171" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Young Henry Gansevoort</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The chances
for getting an appointment had a lot to do with the amount of influence and
connections that the applicant could project.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In the 1860s, no one thought anything of using all possible influence
and calling in of favors to secure these coveted commissions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Henry Gansevoort is a case in point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Scion of one of Albany New York’s original
Dutch families, Gansevoort’s grandfathers were General Peter Gansevoort a
revolutionary war hero and Chancellor Sanford, a United States Senator from New
York.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His father Peter was an extremely
well connected attorney, judge, and New York legislator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Young Gansevoort was a graduate of Princeton
and Harvard Law School.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For a time, he
read law with Millard Fillmore’s firm in Buffalo. Before joining a practice in
New York Gansevoort in 1858 embarked on a 15 month journey to Europe .<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the attack on Sumter, Gansevoort
immediately </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: `›·‡˛; mso-themecolor: text1;">enlisted in the Seventh Regiment, New York State militia.
The regiment was among the first to be sent to Washington upon the outbreak of
the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was almost desperate to
obtain a commission in the regular army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>On April 30<sup>th, </sup>1861 Gansevoort wrote to his father from
Washington: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 121.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">I have one favor to ask of you. It is
possible at present to obtain for me a second-lieutenant's commission in the
additional twenty-five thousand men to be raised for the regular army. Will you
please apply for me at once, —today? Please speak to Judge P _____ . Hill, of
Albany, has a commission.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gansevoort
was referring Edward B. Hill an acquaintance who was appointed to the First
Artillery.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gansevoort followed up with another letter on
May 17<sup>th</sup></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: `›·‡˛; mso-themecolor: text1;">: </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 121.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">I request that you make an early
application, as there are many applications already, and unless great exertions
are made the chances will be small. ... I think application had better be made on
the spot : General Wool, however, could suggest the most usual way. I leave the
matter in your hands, knowing that your indulgent and paternal nature will do
for me all that can be done.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Finally, on
August 4<sup>th</sup> Gansevoort triumphantly reported:</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: `›·‡˛; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 58.5pt; margin-right: 121.5pt; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 11.0pt;">I have obtained a permanent position
in the army, — lieutenant in the Fifth Artillery, headquarters at Harrisburg.
This regiment is to be composed entirely of flying batteries, of which there
are to be twelve. Brown, of Pickens fame, is the colonel, and Sherman the
lieutenant-colonel. It is, I know, a dangerous branch of the service, but it is
a choice and scientific branch. Under the present system of warfare, officers
suffer most, and particularly those commanding batteries, as it is the aim of
sharpshooters to thus cripple the guns; but it is on this very account that I
prefer it. You are aware, perhaps, that there has been but one regiment of
artillery formed under the increase of the army, so that commissions in that
branch are comparatively scarce. I obtained this commission by my own
exertions. All political influence that I brought to bear failed to aid me in
the least and it was only by the resignation of a friend who held the
appointment, that I received it, being substituted in his place</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: `›·‡˛; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gansevoort
and his family’s efforts were duplicated by dozens of other men seeking
appointments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The following is a list of
the civilians who successfully obtained appointments in the Fifth
Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The list is organized by
battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It identifies the name, home
state, age at appointment and name of the officer’s father or significant person
(if known) who likely had a role in securing the appointment. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For some, that connection and influence that
person was able to provide are obvious.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>For others there is less information or none at all.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In all but one case, detailed information on
the father or patron was located.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">Charles P.
Muhlenberg </span></b><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">(1837-1872) from Pennsylvania; age at appointment 24; Son
of Frederick Muhlenberg a prominent physician from Lancaster Pennsylvania and
member of the Muhlenberg family a powerful Pennsylvania </span><span style="background: white; color: black;">political, religious, and
military dynasty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His brother Edward was
also appointed as a lieutenant in the Fourth Artillery. He commanded Battery A which
was assigned to Burnside’s Ninth Corps at Antietam. Two brevets, one for Cold
Harbor and one for good conduct.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Resigned 1867.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black;">James Gilliss</span></b><span style="background: white; color: black;"> (1840-1898) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from DC;
age at appointment 21; son</span><span style="background: white; color: black;"> of James Gilliss a naval officer, noted astronomer and
founder of the United States Naval Observatory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>At Antietam commanding ambulance train for the Artillery Reserve.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two brevets for Malvern Hill and
Spotsylvania.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Retired in 1897 as Colonel,
Deputy Quartermaster General.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; color: black;">George W. Crabb </span></b><span style="background: white; color: black;">(1840-1907) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from
Pennsylvania; age at appointment 21; </span><span style="background: white; color: black;">son of George Crabb </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">newspaper editor of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Harrisburg Patriot and Telegraph</i>; His
father was a one time apprentice to Simon Cameron. He fought at Antietam in
Battery A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two brevets for Antietam and
Petersburg. Retired in 1898 as a Major.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf02WrIrrHJlTdNKOJiNevmIVKBoaQdO9_D3IgstTpiRTb-nDUoun9LkBvh_QmzxZDYGOJgGEU43O_nmf7GB91S3bLFTDBEM2UtrJQ_QKLQ-cR-TjepXYFeoreDuyeXlZofa8aoxEPYWYC/s1600/Burnham+Howard+M.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="308" data-original-width="249" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf02WrIrrHJlTdNKOJiNevmIVKBoaQdO9_D3IgstTpiRTb-nDUoun9LkBvh_QmzxZDYGOJgGEU43O_nmf7GB91S3bLFTDBEM2UtrJQ_QKLQ-cR-TjepXYFeoreDuyeXlZofa8aoxEPYWYC/s200/Burnham+Howard+M.jpg" width="161" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Howard Burnham killed at Chickamauga</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery B <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Thomas Williams</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (1835-1894) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from
Pennsylvania; age at appointment 26; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> of Thomas Williams a Pittsburg attorney and editor of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Advocate </i>a Whig newspaper and US
Congressman from 1863-1869. One brevet for Second Manassas as General
McDowell’s aide. Resigned 1866.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>Committed
suicide in 1894</u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Howard </span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Burnham (1842-1863) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from Massachusetts;
age at appointment 19; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
of Roderick Burnham a Massachusetts attorney and member of the Massachusetts
Legislature; Nephew of Colonel Joseph Mansfield, Inspector General of the U.S.
Army; Transferred to Battery H and killed at Chickamauga September 19, 1863.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">William Beck</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (1837-1930) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from
Pennsylvania; age at appointment 23; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> of John Beck who served </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">three years in the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
in 1854, 1862, and 1863; Beck attended West Point for one year before resigning
in 1856. Four brevets for Po River, Boydton Plank Road, Petersburg, and good
conduct. Retired as a captain in 1891.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "times" , "serif"; font-size: 13.0pt;">Battery C <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">David Veech</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (1837-1874) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from
Pennsylvania; age at appointment 24; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> of James Veech </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">a well-connected Republican lawyer and
friend of Edwin Stanton. Resigned 1863.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Appointed Captain volunteer Commissary of Subsistence ; Resigned again
in 1865.</span><span style="background: white; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gulian Weir</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (1837-1886) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from New
York appointed at large; age at appointment 24; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> of Robert Weir, Professor of Drawing
at West Point 1834-1876. Fought at Antietam under Captain Ransom in the
Cornfield; Two brevets for Peninsula Campaign and Fredericksburg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Commanded battery at Gettysburg. Remained in
the Army. <u>Committed suicide in 1886.</u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Homer Baldwin</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 1837-1870 </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from Ohio;
age at appointment 24; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
of Dudley Baldwin a </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">bank director and Director of Cleveland and Mahoning
Railroad. Two brevets for Gettysburg and the Red River Campaign; Died on duty
1870.</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black;">Battery D <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Lloyd Harrison</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (1837-1880) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from DC;
age at appointment 24;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>son of Naval
officer Gustavus Harrison who died in 1848. Fought at Antietam; Dismissed in
1864.</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Horatio </span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><b>Reed</b> (1837- 1888) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from New
York; age at appointment 24; graduate of Troy Polytechnic Institute. Four
brevets for First Bull Run, Peninsula Campaign, Bristoe Station, and good
conduct.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Colonel 22nd NY
Cavalry;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Resigned 1870.</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="background: white; color: black;">Battery E <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Eben Scott</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (1837-1919) from</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">
Pennsylvania; age at appointment 24; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> of William B. Scott 1812-1840; an 1858 Yale graduate and
attorney; Resigned 1863.</span><span style="background: white; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">John R. Brinckle</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (1839-1910) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from
Delaware; age at appointment 21; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> of Episcopal Rector Samuel Crawford Brinckle. Two brevets for Sailors
Creek and Appomattox Campaign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Retired
as a major in 1896. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Elijah R. Craft</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (1841-1916) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from New
York; age at appointment 20; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> of Charles Craft a railroad express man. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: black; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two brevets for Port Hudson and Fort Morgan;
Resigned 1866<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Charles Carroll</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 1841-1906 </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from DC;
age at appointment 21; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
of William Carroll Clerk DC Superior Court; One brevet for Sailor’s Creek;
Resigned 1865.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery F <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">David Kinzie</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 1841-1904 </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from
Illinois appointed from Kansas; age at appointment 20; grandfather John Kinzie
was the first white settler of Chicago. His uncle was Major David Hunter an
intimate to Lincoln; Resigned from West Point in 1861 to accept a commission. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Three brevets for White Oak Swamp, Antietam,
and good conduct.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Retired in 1903 as
brigadier general.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Charles Hickox</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 1837-1901; </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from Ohio;
age at appointment 23; After the war and original member of the New York Stock
Exchange</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Resigned 1864.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery G <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Henry Brewerton</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 1838-1913 </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from
Maryland; age at appointment 22; </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">son of Major Henry Brewerton Superintendent of West Point from
1845-1852; One brevet for Cedar Creek where he was captured; Retired as major
in 1892;</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Henry L. Taliaferro </span></b><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from
Kentucky; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Resigned 1862.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery H <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Benjamin F. Rittenhouse</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 1839-1915 </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from DC;
age at appointment 21; </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">son
of Benjamin Rittenhouse a Treasury auditor. Two brevets for Bethesda Church and
good conduct; Assumed command of Hazlett’s battery at Gettysburg; Retired in
1870 as a captain. <u>Committed suicide in 1915</u>.</span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Israel Ludlow</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (1841-1873) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from Ohio;
age at appointment 20; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">
of James C. Ludlow; Ludlow’s sister was married to </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-themecolor: text1;">Salmon Chase. One brevet for good conduct; Resigned
in 1865.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery I <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Thomson McElrath</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (1837-1898) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from New
York; age at appointment 24; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> of T.P. McElrath, Business Manager of Horace Greeley’s New York Tribune.
Two brevets for Gaines Mill and good conduct; Resigned in 1870.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Charles C. MacConnell</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (1840-1908) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from
Pennsylvania; age at appointment 21; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> of Thomas MacConnell a lawyer and judge in Pittsburgh.
Three brevets for Peninsula, Gettysburg, and Fort Stedman; Retired as a captain
in 1883.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery K <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">William Van Reed</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (1841-1896) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from
Pennsylvania; age at appointment 20; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> of James Van Reed </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-themecolor: text1;">a well-known paper manufacturer who
moved to California in 1850. Commanded Battery K at Antietam; One brevet for
Weldon Railroad; Retired as a captain in 1887;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">James Piper </span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">(1835-1876) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from
Pennsylvania; age at appointment 26; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> of </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Alexander Piper active in Pennsylvania
Government; </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Brother of Lieutenant
Alexander Piper USMA 1851). One brevet for Mechanicsville; died on active duty
in 1876, a captain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery L <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Wallace F. Randolph</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(1841-1910) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from Pennsylvania; age at appointment 19; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> of Dr. Charles F. Randolph. Cousin
was General Lorenzo Thomas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two brevets
for Second Winchester and good conduct.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Captured at Winchester; escaped from Libby Prison after tunneling out.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Brigadier General USV in the Spanish American
War; In 1903 appointed as the <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">first
peacetime Chief of Artillery</b> of the army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Retired as a brigadier general in 1904. <u>Committed suicide in 1910</u>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Edmund D. Spooner</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (1843-1915) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from Ohio;
age at appointment 17; </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">son
of </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; mso-themecolor: text1;">Judge </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-themecolor: text1;">William Lewis Spooner of Ohio. Resigned 1865.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Battery </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-themecolor: text1;">M (3)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Valentine Stone</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (1840-1867) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from
Indiana; age at appointment 21; </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">son of Samuel Stone </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-themecolor: text1;">one-time member of the Kentucky legislature;
nephew of Senator Henry Smith Lane of Indiana . Two brevets for good
conduct.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Died on active duty, a captain
in 1867.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Henry Baldwin</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> (1840-1864) </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from New
Jersey; age at appointment 21; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> of </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">Caleb Dodd Baldwin a paper mill operator in Essex NJ;
mortally wounded at Cedar Creek.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mortally wounded at Cedar Creek and died of wounds November 8, 1864.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Henry Gansevoort</span></b><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> 1835-1871 </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">from New
York; age at appointment 26; son</span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> of Peter Gansevoort New York Lawyer, Judge, and Legislator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Transferred to Battery C and fought at
Antietam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Four brevets for Antietam,
Manassas Gap, and two brevets for good conduct.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Brevet brigadier general of volunteers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Commanded 13<sup>th</sup> New York Cavalry; Died on active duty, a
captain in 1871.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Of the 30
officers, one was dismissed and five resigned during the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seven remained on active duty but resigned
before they were eligible to retire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Five died while on active duty after the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ten retired from active duty.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two of them, David Kinzie and Wallace
Randolph retired as brigadier generals in the regular army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Randolph was appointed the first peacetime
Chief of Artillery in 1903, something that Henry Hunt had advocated fifty years
earlier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two paid the ultimate
sacrifice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Howard Burnham fell while leading
his battery at Chickamauga.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Henry
Baldwin was mortally wounded at Cedar Creek.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYffKz2nmrRO_ZI7a-zuD0NPqgXYeFKKv08bnK2gGdNf0QwD4OH3ovCpySFOdXGnRJcIIWPpOO6r84AB5XodYuPh34rpHZOneGQXJ-Ylp0eRGP7sRIo9cmZ8iezANgjHBX-Ue5EFDx10LE/s1600/Gansevoort+Henry+Closeup.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="113" data-original-width="114" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYffKz2nmrRO_ZI7a-zuD0NPqgXYeFKKv08bnK2gGdNf0QwD4OH3ovCpySFOdXGnRJcIIWPpOO6r84AB5XodYuPh34rpHZOneGQXJ-Ylp0eRGP7sRIo9cmZ8iezANgjHBX-Ue5EFDx10LE/s320/Gansevoort+Henry+Closeup.gif" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lieutenant Colonel Gansevoort, 13th New York Cavalry</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">The Class of
1861 almost without exception produced some great artillery officers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps no officer epitomized the group more
than Henry Gansevoort, the young gentleman from Rheinbeck New York who asked
his father for a favor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gansevoort was
appointed as an officer in Company M.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
spent many months drilling and preparing his battery for action.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sent to the Peninsula, he saw his first major
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Memorial to
Henry Sanford Gansevoort</i> edited by J.C. Hoadley Boston Franklin Press 1875)
p 89.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The identity of Judge P is not
known.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Lieutenant Edward B. Hill was an officer in Company
G, First Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was mortally
wounded on June 30<sup>th</sup>, 1862 in the Battle of White Oak Swamp.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="ftn3" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Memorial</i> p
89<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Memorial</i> p 94<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-size: 10.0pt;">During
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memorizing the safe's combination until delivery.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoFootnoteText">
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Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-74418636254967882017-11-23T12:45:00.000-05:002017-11-23T12:45:04.514-05:00Getting the Guns Out Part 2<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">This is part two of a two part article on
the story of William French an officer not generally know or highly regarded in
the annals of Civil War, and his instrumental role in saving five valuable
artillery companies located in secessionist Texas during the final weeks of the
Buchanan Administration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Part 1 covered
French’s early military career.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Part 2
is the story of the story of his role in safely evacuating five artillery
companies from rebel Texas in the weeks prior to Fort Sumter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlRnStJtJ6exIyTfyXoS0jxgKTbpV0g2GMA-ASBFUYifswdx-0XEU4jHGRjltbXMJ0IVYwZVVY3o4NCNAbTDkBg49X5ZL0lFbmyWZ4nlg_MckbbX9RuGUx9iilERm2BLnWoR6EKSRzMW6-/s1600/Army+Garrisons.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlRnStJtJ6exIyTfyXoS0jxgKTbpV0g2GMA-ASBFUYifswdx-0XEU4jHGRjltbXMJ0IVYwZVVY3o4NCNAbTDkBg49X5ZL0lFbmyWZ4nlg_MckbbX9RuGUx9iilERm2BLnWoR6EKSRzMW6-/s320/Army+Garrisons.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">U.S. Army garrisons on the Rio Grande River January 1861</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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As part of the Army’s periodic reshuffling of artillery
companies, Light Company K was ordered to Texas in June of 1859.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Caroline and the children Frank age 17,
William 15, Annie 6 and young George age 2 accompanied Major French on this
journey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Travelling by rail and river,
the company reached Helena Arkansas on June 17.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The rest of the journey was an overland march of 700 miles to their new post
at Fort Clark Texas that they reached on September 26.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In June of 1860 the company moved to Fort
Duncan at Eagle Pass, 45 miles further down the Rio Grande.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This fort was established in 1849 with a mission
to monitor the border with Mexico and protect settlers in west Texas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was named for Colonel James Duncan, the
commander of Light Company A, Second Artillery and a hero of the Mexican
War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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French had three lieutenants present for duty with him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First Lieutenant James Slaughter (USA 1846) from
Virginia had been in the Army for 14 years.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> A
great nephew of James Madison, he left his studies at VMI in 1846 to accept an
appointment as a lieutenant in <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">the
newly formed regiment of Voltigeurs and Foot Riflemen </span>at the start of
the Mexican War. Slaughter transferred to the First Artillery in 1848.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 33-year-old
Slaughter had been reporting sick for several months but remained with the
company at Fort Duncan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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First Lieutenant Samuel Chalfin (USMA 1847) was born in
Illinois. The 35-year-old Chalfin served in Mexico as an assistant adjutant
general and later in the Third Seminole War in Florida.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He spent much of the 1850s at West Point as a
French and Spanish language instructor. The company second lieutenant was
Frederick Childs (USMA 1855).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 29
year old Childs was an Army brat.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His father
was the legendary Brevet Brigadier General Thomas Childs, commander of a
battalion of red leg artillery in the Mexican War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like Samuel Chalfin he served for much of the
1850s as an instructor at West Point where he taught geography, history and
ethics. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The senior enlisted man in Company K was 24-year-old First
Sergeant Redmond Tully.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Born in Galway
Ireland, Tully immigrated to America in 1854.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>One year later French enlisted the 18-year-old lad in Baltimore where
the young Irishman was employed as a barkeeper.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Tully had been with Company K ever since. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">At
a full six feet in height, the First Sergeant towered over his soldiers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>The company’s monthly return for
February reflected 3 officers, 79 enlisted men, 63 artillery horses, and four
guns present.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the antebellum army, each gun section (of
2 guns) was likely equipped with different ordnance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Company K may have had two Model 1841 6-lb
guns and two Model 1841 12-lb howitzers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It is not clear how much the secession crisis had affected the men of
the company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French was from Maryland
and Chalfin was from Illinois but both Slaughter and Childs probably voiced
support for the southern position.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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There were two foot artillery companies of the First
Artillery at Fort Duncan that were not mounted with guns or horses. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Company F’s captain was Samuel Jones
(USMA 1841).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was on detached service
in Washington DC as </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Assistant
to the Judge Advocate of the Army</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his absence, First Lieutenant Henry Closson
(USMA 1854) commanded Company F.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 28-year-old
Closson was from Burlington Vermont.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">He had seen a great deal of border warfare
and scouting service in his short career. After some frontier experience in
California, Closson was detailed to accompany the Corps of Engineers under
Lieutenant Michler, on the survey of the Mexican Boundary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He participated in the pursuit and surprise
of three parties of Lipan Indians in 1856. Later he was engaged against the
Seminole Indians in Florida.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Present with
Closson was Second Lieutenant Douglas Ramsay (USA 1855).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was the son of Captain William Ramsay, U.S.
Navy and brother of Lieutenant Alan Ramsay of the Marine Corps. Ramsay was
already 32 years old when appointed a second lieutenant in 1855 the year the
Army created four additional regiments.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First Sergeant William Morgan was the senior
enlisted man in Company F.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Formerly a
miner from Glamorgan Wales, the 35-year-old Morgan had been with “F” since
1857.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In total the company had 2
officers and 63 enlisted men present.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">First Lieutenant
James Robinson (USMA 1852) commanded Company L.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Captain Samuel K. Dawson (USMA 1839) was on an eight month extended
leave of absence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Robinson was born in
Virginia but his family moved to Missouri when he was a teenager.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He enlisted for service in the Mexican War
but his company was disbanded before it ever deployed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Robinson entered West Point at the relatively
advanced age of 21 graduating in 1852.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
served in the Third Seminole War in Florida and at Fort McHenry, Fort Monroe and
in addition to various posts in Texas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The only other
officer with the company was Second Lieutenant Richard Jackson (USA 1860).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Born in West Meath County Ireland in 1830,
Jackson enlisted in the Fourth Artillery in 1851.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was one of the very few enlisted men
before the war who made the jump to the officer ranks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The former First Sergeant of Company L, Fourth
Artillery, Jackson was appointed a second lieutenant in the First Artillery in
July 1860. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The First
Sergeant of “L“ was Lewis Keller.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keller
was born in Bavaria in 1830 and immigrated to the United States in 1850.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He enlisted at Baltimore in 1854 giving his
occupation as a butcher. Keller had been with the company ever since.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Company L had 2 officers and 77 enlisted men
present.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All told, Fort Duncan was very
respectably garrisoned with a total of 8 officers, 219 enlisted men, 60 horses
and 4 guns at the post.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKeeCb4Waxd1eg1vRHpy_8NYSVsXEiQmOnWgPPpnVPhFmuHby5_5G8VqMASvk1DWmd3EwFIAwI-4W4oNeXO7t3vC-Pr5A7oMHbe4W0FdPLMnbLufx5IotqKqvA9O5Mw844RdhdUWRoDiSa/s1600/Hill+Bennet.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="849" data-original-width="587" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKeeCb4Waxd1eg1vRHpy_8NYSVsXEiQmOnWgPPpnVPhFmuHby5_5G8VqMASvk1DWmd3EwFIAwI-4W4oNeXO7t3vC-Pr5A7oMHbe4W0FdPLMnbLufx5IotqKqvA9O5Mw844RdhdUWRoDiSa/s200/Hill+Bennet.jpg" width="138" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Captain Bennet Hill</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The other two
artillery companies assigned to the Department of Texas were at Fort Brown 325
miles down the Rio Grande. The fort was just outside of Brownsville opposite
the Mexican town of Matamoros and about 30 miles inland from the coast.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French’s West Point classmate and friend
Captain Bennett Hill (USMA 1837), First Artillery commanded here.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hill was 44 years old and a native of
Washington DC.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was a reserved
scholarly type of officer who never married and by successful investment in
railroad stocks over the years had done quite well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Never in the best of health, he served only briefly
in the Mexican War being present at the siege of Vera Cruz.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hill commanded Company M continually since
his appointment to captain in 1848.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
saw duty in Washington territory, Fort Monroe, and Florida before being
assigned to Texas. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">With Hill and
Company M in Texas were Lieutenants Morris and Graham.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First Lieutenant Lewis Morris was the son of
Captain Lewis Morris (USMA 1820) of the 3<sup>rd</sup> Infantry who was killed
in Mexico at Monterry in 1847.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps
as a result, his son and namesake received an appointment to the First
Artillery the same year.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the age of
36, Morris was a very senior first lieutenant having served in that grade for
nearly fourteen years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The other officer
in Company M was 26-year-old Second Lieutenant William Montrose Graham (USA
1855).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like Morris, Graham’s father was
a West Point graduate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Major James
Graham (USMA 1817) was a senior officer in the Corps of Topographical
Engineers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His mother was Charlotte
Meade, sister of the future hero of Gettysburg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>William’s uncle and namesake Colonel William Graham of the Eleventh U.S.
Infantry was killed at Molino del Rey. In September 1860, he married Mary
Ricketts the daughter of Captain James Ricketts of the First Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like Lieutenant Ramsay in Company ‘F’ this
extremely well connected young man received an appointment during the Army’s
expansion in 1855.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The First
Sergeant of Company M was Robert Hall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hall was a 34 years old native of Edinboro Scotland where he attended
the University. Hall enlisted during the Mexican War and had been in the Army ever
since. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A later commander thought so
highly of the Scotsman that he called him the “best First Sergeant in the Army”
when recommending him for an officer’s appointment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hall married a “respectable” women from Texas
and had two young children.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Company M had 3 officers and 71 enlisted men
present.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The other
company at Fort Brown was Light Company M, Second Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Light Company M’s guns were particularly
valuable because they were the new Model 1857 Light 12-pounders eventually
known as Napoleons – the only company in the army equipped with these advanced
weapons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It should come as no surprise
that the captain of such a special light company was none other than Henry
Hunt, one of the leading artillery innovators in the Army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hunt was French’s colleague from the
Artillery Board.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hunt had departed the
company in December on leave in Washington to get married.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While there Secretary of War Holt ordered him
to assume command of Harpers Ferry a strategic arsenal and armory on the
Potomac River 60 miles northwest of the capital.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Holt feared that as the secession crisis
worsened, pro-secession elements in Virginia would seize the arsenal.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Light Company M
had its full complement of lieutenants present in Texas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First Lieutenant Edward Platt (USMA 1849) was
in command in Hunt’s absence. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like
Lieutenants Chalfin and Childs the 31-year-old lieutenant from Burlington
Vermont had spent a good part of the 1850s teaching at West Point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both he and Chalfin served together as French
language instructors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First Lieutenant
James Thompson (USMA 1851) was the company’s other first lieutenant. The 32-year-old
New Yorker also did a stint as an instructor at the Academy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thompson taught mathematics from 1854 – 1857.
Rounding out the trio was Second Lieutenant Guilford Bailey (USMA 1856.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bailey, from Lewis County New York was 26
years old. He recently transferred to Light Company M from Fort Leavenworth.
This was part of the Army’s policy of rotating artillery second lieutenants
into light companies to get hands on experience with the guns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike several other artillery companies with
officers of pro Southern sympathies, all of Light Company M’s officers were solidly
for the Union.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Leading the
enlisted men was First Sergeant Terrence Reilly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reilly was another Scotsman.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Born in 1840, he enlisted in Company M in
1857 at the age of 17.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He must have been
a good soldier because none other than Henry Hunt, a very demanding commander,
appointed the young man as First Sergeant in September 1860.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘M’ had 3 officers, 62 enlisted men, 4
Napoleons and 64 horses present for duty.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">With the
election of Abraham Lincoln, the southern states began seceding from the
Union.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On January 10<sup>th</sup>, 1861
Florida became the sixth state Florida to leave.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Almost immediately, the War Department took
immediate steps to see to the security of two strategic forts in the Florida
Keys.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fort Taylor was situated at Key
West and Fort Jefferson was in the Dry Tortugas 70 miles further west.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These posts commanded access to the Gulf of
Mexico.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fort Taylor was unoccupied and Fort Jefferson had only a
small engineer detachment commanded by Captain Montgomery Meigs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The day after
Florida voted to secede, </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Captain
Lewis Arnold’s Company C, Second Artillery departed Boston bound for Fort
Jefferson. The company came ashore at the nearly empty fort on January 18<sup>th</sup>.
On January </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13<sup>th</sup>,
Captain John Brannan</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> (USMA 1841)</span></span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, was ordered to move his 44 men of Company B First U.S.
Artillery from Key West Barracks to Fort Taylor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These two outposts were still very thinly
garrisoned and could be easily overwhelmed by Florida secessionists. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">On February
1, 1861 Texas became the seventh state to secede. There was great danger that
the rebels would capture the men, guns and valuable artillery accouterments of
the five artillery companies stationed along the Rio Grande.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While small in numbers of men and equipment,
these artillery companies were extremely valuable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a future war, they could potentially form
the nucleus of a powerful artillery arm if they could be saved. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtioOVpbsazYZyEVSMjQXG3vo0NhTKDQTevet9ulJIdfYVekAYD8HAx72Gv8wrqqoExNRsH2fHduBACG2D4oKaLGVHC4Y_McrDBo8rGQR1sbslFkWZyujYzgITTH9OW0NiWhcfetkJKAww/s1600/Holt+Joseph.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1534" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtioOVpbsazYZyEVSMjQXG3vo0NhTKDQTevet9ulJIdfYVekAYD8HAx72Gv8wrqqoExNRsH2fHduBACG2D4oKaLGVHC4Y_McrDBo8rGQR1sbslFkWZyujYzgITTH9OW0NiWhcfetkJKAww/s200/Holt+Joseph.jpg" width="191" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Secretary of War Joseph Holt</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">In Washington
President Buchanan appointed Joseph Holt to replace John B. Floyd as Secretary
of War on January 18<sup>th</sup> 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Holt was against slavery and strongly for the Union. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
a rare display of initiative and competence, the Buchanan administration under
its new Secretary of War took steps to simultaneously evacuate endangered Federal
forces in Texas, and strengthen the two strategic forts in the Florida Keys. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">On
February 7<sup>th</sup>, the War Department ordered Major French as senior
artillery officer in the Department of Texas to move all five artillery companies
to the port of Brazos Santiago for embarkation. The four First Artillery
companies would reinforce the Florida garrisons at Fort Jefferson and Fort
Taylor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Light Company M, Second
Artillery and its Napoleons would go to Fort Hamilton NY.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French was advised that Brevet Major Fitz-John
Porter (USMA 1845) was on the way to Brazos with a steamer, a detachment of
artillery recruits and $40,000 to expedite the withdrawal. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Porter sailed
from New York on February 15<sup>th</sup> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">aboard the steamer Daniel Webster.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ship was loaded with recruits, supplies,
and medical stores for the garrisons of Forts Taylor and Jefferson.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From there the ship would head to Brazos
Santiago at the mouth of the Rio Grande, with additional provisions for the artillery
troops scheduled to embark there. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">At the beginning
of February French and Chalfin were </span>on court martial duty at Fort
Clark.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Due to the illness of Lieutenant
Slaughter, Lieutenant Childs was in command of Company K in their absence. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As tensions mounted, French and Chalfin concluded
their business at Fort Clark and hurried back to Fort Duncan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On February 14<sup>th</sup> after turning
command back to French, Lieutenant Childs took a leave of absence bound for
Charleston South Carolina.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He resigned
from the Army on March 4, 1861 and took a commission as a captain of artillery
in the Confederate Army on March 16.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">French’s
instructions from the War Department were followed up by Department Orders #25 from
the Department of Texas on February 14<sup>th</sup>. They ordered the artillery
garrisons at Forts Duncan and Brown to immediately march to Brazos Santiago for
embarkation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It also ordered </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt;">Companies
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">C
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt;">and
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">E,
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Third
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">Infantry,
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt;">then
at </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">Ringgold
Barracks, to replace </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">the Fort Brown artillery </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">garrison </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">and </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">to</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">take </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">charge </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">of </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">the </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt;">artillery
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">horses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">Company </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">B, </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">Third </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">Infantry,
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt;">was
ordered to immediately repair from its home station at Fort Clark to relieve
French’s command at Fort Duncan.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Pennsylvania-born
Major Williams Nichols (USMA 1838), the Departmental Adjutant General in San
Antonio told French to “move quickly … the object of the authorities of Texas
is to demand the surrender of the guns of the light batteries.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Nichols was keenly aware of the machinations of General David Twiggs (USA
1812), the Department commander.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Twiggs
a Georgian was already in negotiations with Texas authorities regarding the
disposition of Army equipment and supplies in the state.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">French’s
command wasted no time. The same day Major Nichols’ orders arrived, French
ordered Lieutenants Chalfin and Robinson to gather up what few wagons and
ambulances were available and take the officers’ families by way of San Antonio
to Indianola for transportation home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
must have been a difficult moment as William French said goodbye to Caroline
and his four children as they began their own long journey back to Caroline’s
father’s estate in Delaware. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">On February
18<sup>th</sup>, Twiggs surrendered the public property of the United States
Army in the Department of Texas to state commissioners with the proviso that
the troops, their personnel property and arms, and the light artillery
companies with their guns would be permitted to leave the state.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That agreement would hold up as long as no
hostilities broke out between the Federal government and the newly organizing
Confederate government in Montgomery Alabama.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>On February 18 Twiggs received orders from the War Department relieving
him of command of the Department of Texas and naming Colonel Carlos Waite (USA
1820) as his successor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On March 1<sup>st</sup>,
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">by the direction of
the President of the United States, Twiggs was summarily dismissed from the Army
of the United States, for his treachery to the flag of his country.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">As French was
making preparations to leave Fort Duncan, Major Oliver Shepherd (USMA 1840) with
Company B, Third Infantry arrived from Fort Clark to relieve him.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For reasons that are not clear, Shepherd
seized three of French’s wagons for his own use at Duncan. This undoubtedly incited
an acrimonious argument between the two officers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French had just one wagon and a motley
assortment of Mexican carts in addition to his forge and battery wagons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had no recourse but to throw out some of
the ordnance stores to lighten his forge and battery wagons.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At 3pm on February 20<sup>th</sup> he lead his
column of artillerymen, guns, caissons, the forge and battery wagons and a few
other carts out of Fort Duncan for the last time.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">A large amount of company property including most of the officer’s
personal belongings was left behind for want of transportation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The command had a 320-mile journey ahead of them through
inhospitable territory in unseasonably warm weather.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No one knew how the Texans would react or if
they would interfere with the move.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By
February 26<sup>th</sup> French’s command had marched 100 miles and arrived Fort
McIntosh Texas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fort located outside
the town of Laredo was home to Companies F & I of the Third Infantry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps recalling his run ins with Major
Shepherd upriver, French did not stay long.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Lieutenant Slaughter left the column at Laredo reporting himself sick.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He would soon have a commission as a
lieutenant in the Corps of Artillery of the Provisional Army of the Confederate
States.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Six months later Slaughter was facing
his former colleagues of the First Artillery on the front lines around Fort
Pickens Florida.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was dismissed from
the Army on May 15, 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Private Robert
Alexander from Company F also deserted at Laredo<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn13" name="_ednref13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>More desertions would follow in the days
ahead. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">At
nearly the same time, 1,100 miles to the east of Laredo Major Porter was hurriedly
offloading supplies at the Federal forts of Fort Jefferson and Taylor. Porter’s
arrival brought sorely needed supplies and recruits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If he could get the artillery out of Texas in
the next several weeks, he would be back to the Keys with many more troops to
further strengthen these still understrength garrisons.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fitz John wasted no time in discharging his
cargo and set out for Texas on February 26<sup>th</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meanwhile
back in Texas, French’s next stop was Ringgold Barracks, 107 miles from Laredo.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He arrived there on March 3<sup>rd</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ringgold was named after another artillery
officer, Samuel Ringgold of the Third Artillery </span><span style="background: white; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">who
was mortally wounded at the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Battle
of Palo Alto. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Until recently the fort
held three companies of the Third Infantry under the command of Lieutenant
Colonel Electus Backus (USMA 1824). </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Department Orders #25 ordered </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt;">Companies </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.5pt;">C </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.5pt;">and </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">E at
that post </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">to replace </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">the Fort Brown artillery </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">garrison
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">and
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.0pt;">to</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">take </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt;">charge </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;">of </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">the </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 6.5pt;">artillery
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.5pt;">horses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Backus sent these two companies off on
February 25<sup>th</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">French reached Ringgold
Barracks on March 3<sup>rd</sup>, Company A, Third Infantry was the one
remaining infantry company at the post. French stayed one day at Ringgold
before departing on March 5<sup>th</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As he left the post, the guns of Light Company K fired a final national
salute.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Around noon an express rider
from Fort Brown reached French with a dispatch from Major Porter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBMXbJpgbGNN4ihNn_sc24r4PjOLgL1y55J3dR8UW7i1x6Id1V_RudY-RkRUL7_QSNnuQu7XjjBIPvs8U_710U6Q-EvuBSOA-WjGkURkbxXxw3sByJ3QKkSt4ei_7pEAB1BBKmh0eUnckq/s1600/Porter+Fiz+John+another.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="350" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBMXbJpgbGNN4ihNn_sc24r4PjOLgL1y55J3dR8UW7i1x6Id1V_RudY-RkRUL7_QSNnuQu7XjjBIPvs8U_710U6Q-EvuBSOA-WjGkURkbxXxw3sByJ3QKkSt4ei_7pEAB1BBKmh0eUnckq/s200/Porter+Fiz+John+another.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Major Fitz-John Porter</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">French knew
Porter from Mexico where the young lieutenant from a distinguished naval family
won renown serving in Light Company G, Fourth Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just two years out of West Point, Porter in
the space of a week earned two brevets for gallantry at Molino Del Rey and
again at the Belen Gate. At the latter place on September 13<sup>th</sup> 1847 his
company was horribly cut up and lost its commander Captain Simon Drum (USMA
1830) and Lieutenant Calvin Benjamin (USMA 1842) and four men killed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Porter and 20 enlisted men were wounded
attesting to the hot position of the battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Porter spent six years at West Point during Robert E. Lee’s superintendence
in the early 1850s serving as an artillery instructor and as the adjutant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1856 he was appointed to the Adjutant
General’s branch.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Armed with wide
discretionary authority by General Scott, this very capable officer was now </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anchored at Brazos Santiago at
the mouth of the Rio Grande River.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Porter was determined to sort things out
and get as many Federal troops out as he could. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">After sizing up the situation he decided to use his
discretionary authority to supersede </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Department Orders #25.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
addition to the artillery, Porter would attempt to and</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bring out <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">five</i> additional infantry companies from the Third Infantry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Companies
C and E. These companies had already
moved to Fort Brown from Ringgold Barracks.
Under DO # 25 they had been designated to care for the artillery horses.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Company
A remaining at Ringgold Barracks</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Symbol; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Companies
F and I at Fort McIntosh.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Porter
acted decisively.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He fired off dispatches
to the different infantry commanders as well as to French and Hill providing
instructions for evacuating their forces.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn14" name="_ednref14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Porter knew he would need another ship if he were
to get all the additional forces out of Texas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In his March
4<sup>th</sup> dispatch to French, Porter advised that he was sending additional
wagons forward to meet him on the road.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Porter suggested that if French did not need all of the wagons, that he share
some with Captain Bowman whose company remained at Ringgold. French met the
wagons on the road near Camp LA Blanca just fifty miles short of Fort Brown and
decided he needed all of them. </span><span style="color: black;">In his reply to
Porter French explained his reason for keeping all the wagons as the “heat of
the weather and the lengthened marches”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Who knows if there wasn’t a hint of payback as French recalled how Major
Shepherd deprived him of wagons back at Duncan. French indicated that he would
link up at Fort Brown with Porter and Captain Hill’s artillerymen on March 8<sup>th</sup>.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bennett
</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Hill was experiencing his
own problems with secessionists at Fort Brown. Early in February Lieutenant Graham
returned from leave by way of New Orleans.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There he learned that it was the intention of General Twiggs to order
all Army units in the Department to concentrate at San Antonio so that they
could be easily surrendered to Texas forces.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn15" name="_ednref15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graham duly reported this to Hill when he
arrived back at Fort Brown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Major
Nichols had already confirmed these same fears to French).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hill notified the War Department that he
would not obey any orders from General Twiggs who he felt was acting in bad
faith.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On February 21<sup>st</sup> Hill
learned that a large force of secessionists had departed Galveston bound for
Brazos Santiago where a large supply of ordnance stores was located. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Brazos Santiago is about 30 miles from Hill’s
command at Fort Brown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anticipating
this, Hill had already sent Lieutenant Thompson and a detachment to Brazos to
secure these stores on February 9<sup>th</sup>, With Graham’s intelligence, he sent
a larger detachment of cavalry from Captain George Stoneman’s (USMA 1846) company
under the command of Lieutenant Graham to join Thompson.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graham had orders to destroy the stores if
they were unable to secure them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was
to late.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before Graham arrived, a force
of approximately 500 Texans appeared at Brazos demanding the surrender of the
stores.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thompson with only 12 men had no
means to resist and sullenly complied with the secessionist demands on February
21<sup>st</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">On February
23<sup>rd</sup>, the same Texas authorities that made trouble for Thompson at
Brazos now arrived at Captain Hill’s doorstep demanding the surrender of the
public property at Fort Brown. Captain Hill and his adjutant Lieutenant
Guilford Bailey met with the Texas delegation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hill summarized the meeting in his report to Colonel Waite at San Antonio.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In replying to the Texans, he declared </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">“it would be impossible, without
instructions from my Government, to accede to your request to deliver into your
possession the public property, or any portion thereof, at this post.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn16" name="_ednref16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Hill felt that he dealt from a position of strength.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not only did he have his own two companies of
regular artillery at Fort Brown but Captain George Stoneman’s cavalry command
of Companies E & G, 2<sup>nd</sup> Cavalry was in the vicinity.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn17" name="_ednref17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of Stoneman’s lieutenants was Marius Manning
Kimmel (USMA 1857).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was the father of
Husband Kimmel commander of the Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor on December 7<sup>th</sup>,
1941. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn18" name="_ednref18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hill
had just received Department Order #25, and was aware that French’s artillery
battalion and two infantry companies of the Third Infantry were on the way to
Fort Brown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Assured of Stoneman’s full
support, </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Hill curtly rebuffed
the Texan’s demands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">He dismissed the rebels with
intimation that he should feel it to be his duty to send traitors in irons to
Washington.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn19" name="_ednref19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">For their part, the Texans had no stomach for dealing with what we
would today call a combined arms team of regular army infantry, cavalry and
artillery equipped with 8 pieces of artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Texan forces remained around Brownsville but made no further efforts
to interfere with the withdrawal.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">On February 28<sup>th</sup>
the first wave of troops dispatched under Department Order # 25 reached Fort Brown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Companies C & E of the Third Infantry under
the command of Captain William Johns (USMA 1836) arrived from Ringgold Barracks.
They made the 100-mile journey arriving at Fort Brown in three days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Originally under Department Order # 25 it was
intended that these soldiers take charge of the artillery horses that were to
be left behind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However Porter using the
broad powers vested in him by General Scott, directed that Captain Johns’
command should be evacuated with the artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He ordered Johns to turn over command of Fort Brown to Captain Stoneman
and prepare to move on to Brazos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgybcH8FueFG3k8W51I-YVelmvaoA-xyeWrQbdUi_gs0wcCmL6Zm-zEpl0DBEDSq7Ol2JhwLOrnnhuG7SCi4HAW1CNSI435mrK69eAHCS25UNsYRzygVIfmHWwjcM4ch32lFQeY1FloY0mO/s1600/French%2527s+Route.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgybcH8FueFG3k8W51I-YVelmvaoA-xyeWrQbdUi_gs0wcCmL6Zm-zEpl0DBEDSq7Ol2JhwLOrnnhuG7SCi4HAW1CNSI435mrK69eAHCS25UNsYRzygVIfmHWwjcM4ch32lFQeY1FloY0mO/s320/French%2527s+Route.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">French's Route from Fort Duncan to Brazos</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">French’s
command began arriving at Fort Brown on March 8<sup>th.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></sup><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Light
Company K was the first to arrive.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
last part of the column arrived on the 9<sup>th</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 320-mile march took 16 days. The average pace
of 20 miles per day was respectable considering all of the equipment being
hauled, the inhospitable terrain, hot temperatures and the constant
watchfulness for interference by Texas forces that shadowed their every
move.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lieutenants Robinson and Chalfin
were already at Fort Brown with the company trains after escorting the
officer’s families to Indianola.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
fort was teeming with U.S. troops.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There
were now five artillery companies, two infantry companies and two cavalry
companies there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Texas forces continued
to assemble and organize outside the fort in nearby Brownsville.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">French had only
one day to get up to speed with Hill about the overall situation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hill had been literally “holding down the
fort” for over two weeks awaiting French’s arrival and was anxious to get to
Brazos.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On March 9<sup>th</sup>, he set
off with his company. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French’s
battalion followed the next day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Captain
Johns’ two companies of the Third Infantry departed on March 11<sup>th</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The last to leave was Light Company M, 2<sup>nd</sup>
Artillery under Lieutenant Thompson.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>That company, hauling its four precious Napoleons departed Fort Brown on
March 12<sup>th</sup>.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn20" name="_ednref20" style="mso-endnote-id: edn20;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">By the end of
the next day all the forces that were going to leave Texas under Major Porter
were at the mouth of the Rio Grande.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
original plan was to embark from Brazos but the town was now crawling with
armed Texan irregulars.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Porter judged it
safer to conduct the evacuation from the mouth of the Rio Grande.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The troops had
a couple of days to rest as Major Porter made final arrangements.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the additional infantry forces that he was
taking, Porter needed another ship.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On
March 13<sup>th</sup> he </span><span style="color: black;">contracted with the
agent of the Southern Steamship Company to charter the steamer Rusk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ironically this was </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">the same steamship that two weeks
earlier brought to Brazos the rebel Texans who made so much trouble for
Lieutenant Thomas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While Porter fully
disclosed his planned use of the Rusk to her captain and the ship’s agent,
Texas authorities later on were none to happy to learn that the ship was used
to reinforce Federal garrisons in the Keys.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn21" name="_ednref21" style="mso-endnote-id: edn21;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">During the
final days in Texas a wave of desertions swept through the companies being
evacuated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the space of a week
beginning on March 8<sup>th</sup> 41 enlisted men deserted from the seven
departing artillery and infantry companies.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn22" name="_ednref22" style="mso-endnote-id: edn22;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Fitz-John Porter in his report to the adjutant general said,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a few weak men yielded to temptation and persuasions and
deserted their flag for another service.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But 41 soldiers or about nine percent of the total force deserting in a
week was a significant loss.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Perhaps some like First Sergeant Hall
also started families in Texas that did not want to leave.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hall however did not desert.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The commonly held view that the enlisted
ranks of the regular army stood fast while a large number of officers went
south does not bear up under scrutiny in this instance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Porter had his
ships but bad weather referred to at the time as an “equinoctial gale<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn23" name="_ednref23" style="mso-endnote-id: edn23;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>”
prevented their departure until March 19<sup>th</sup>. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn24" name="_ednref24" style="mso-endnote-id: edn24;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Porter’s plan was to load the artillery companies bound for the Florida forts
on the Rusk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hunt’s Light Company M and
the Napoleons, and the two infantry companies would load on the Daniel Webster.
The ships would sail to the Florida forts together.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Webster would continue on to Fort
Hamilton.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As much as Porter wanted to
get three additional infantry companies out of Texas, delays by these companies
in reaching Fort Brown precluded their inclusion in the expedition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He would be forced to leave without them.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn25" name="_ednref25" style="mso-endnote-id: edn25;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">By noon on
March 19<sup>th</sup> the troops, </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">guns, ammunition, and camp equipment </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">was loaded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For many of the soldiers, the hardest thing
was abandoning their artillery horses. The unit could not perform its mission
without them and much of an artilleryman’s day revolved around the care of the
horses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Around 120 of them were left
behind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ships were not outfitted to
handle the animals and War Department orders specifically directed that they be
left behind.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7nRn2gHVeEpVdivZCHvyTnejsGHlS5UMGehtgLRgwpdWtyojGVz2rYb0AGM3Oks0aGG9f3wJspmzSbL66WNSKRq9s_HZGJFvjoWkhC-z0200zUU6_zVLKCcvu2MpbSgyDiExLTLZbqwKM/s1600/Reinforcing+the+Keys.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7nRn2gHVeEpVdivZCHvyTnejsGHlS5UMGehtgLRgwpdWtyojGVz2rYb0AGM3Oks0aGG9f3wJspmzSbL66WNSKRq9s_HZGJFvjoWkhC-z0200zUU6_zVLKCcvu2MpbSgyDiExLTLZbqwKM/s400/Reinforcing+the+Keys.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reinforcing the Florida Keys </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">At 4pm on March
19<sup>th</sup>, the two ships left the mouth of the Rio Grande bound for Fort
Jefferson.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the 24<sup>th</sup>, they
dropped anchor there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Captain Hill bid
Major Porter farewell as he disembarked with Companies L & M.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Captain Lewis Arnold warmly greeted his old
friend and classmate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arnold, Hill and
French were all graduates of the West Point Class of 1837.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">The next day
Major French joined Captain Brannan at Fort Taylor with Light Company K and
Company F and assumed command there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
Rusk returned to its unhappy southern owners who had unwittingly contributed to
the successful reinforcement of two important Federal forts.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Daniel Webster proceeded to New York
arriving on March 30.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Henry Hunt
rejoined his company there and just six days later was part of a large expedition
organized by the new Lincoln administration to reinforce another key Florida
port - Fort Pickens outside of Pensacola. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Fitz-John Porter
had more than accomplished his mission.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
reinforcement of Forts Jefferson and Taylor tripled the number of soldiers at
these key forts ensuring their security from Confederate attack.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both installations played a crucial role in
the blockade of southern ports and the interception of blockade-runners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not only did he safely bring out five critically
important artillery companies, he also managed to extricate two infantry
companies as well. These five artillery companies played important roles during
the Civil War.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Company F, First Artillery<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Company F moved
from Fort Taylor to Fort Pickens in May of 1861 and fought at the Battle of
Santa Rosa Island on October 9, 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Upon
Captain Jones resignation on April 21<sup>st </sup>1861, Captain Richard Duryea
(USMA 1849) assumed command of the company and remained its captain for the
remainder of the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In September of 1862
”F” was dispatched to Louisiana and participated in the Port Hudson campaign of
1863.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In July of 1864 the company was
ordered to New York along with Company L for refitting as a light artillery
company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was combined with Company A
at Camp Barry and served in the Washington defenses at Fort Morton Virginia for
the remainder of the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Henry Clossen served
with Company F until his promotion to Captain on May 14 1861 when he assumed
command of Company L.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He commanded “L”
for the remainder of the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Closson
generally was not with his company usually serving as Chief of Artillery in the
Department where he was assigned.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
earned brevets for gallantry for Port Hudson and the Battle of Fort Morgan
Alabama.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Closson as a regular officer
continued his career after the war and rose to the rank of Colonel of the
Fourth Artillery. He retired in 1896 after 42 years service and died in
1917.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Douglas
Ramsay was promoted to First Lieutenant on February 25<sup>th</sup>, and
transferred to Light Company I, First Artillery in May. Four months after
leaving Texas, Ramsay was killed when his battery was overrun at the First
Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">First Sergeant
Morgan of Company F reenlisted in August 1862 and served for the remainder of
the war with his company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was
reported at the naval bombardment of Pensacola in November 1861 that Morgan </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">“behaved with admirable coolness.” <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn26" name="_ednref26" style="mso-endnote-id: edn26;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">He was discharged from the Army on March
29, 1865.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Company L, First Artillery<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Company L
remained at Fort Jefferson until July when it also moved to Fort Pickens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the appointment of Captain Dawson to a
majority in the new 19<sup>th</sup> Infantry, Lieutenant Clossen was promoted
to Captain in December and assumed command of “L”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It joined Company F in New Orleans and took
part in the Port Hudson operations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
company remained in Louisiana until August 1864 when it moved to Camp Barry in
Washington DC. It became part of Phil Sheridan’s Army of the Shenandoah
fighting at Cedar Creek in October of 1864. It served with that army for the rest
of the war.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">After
delivering Company L safely to Fort Jefferson, James Robinson, </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">due to “Southern associations”
(he was born in Virginia and raised in Missouri), resigned from the Army on May
15, 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Robinson however did not take
up arms against the Union instead electing to sit out the war at Fort Jefferson
as post sutler. </span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">After the war, he lived in Boston with
his wife and six children. He became an author and publisher died there in
1918.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Richard
Jackson was promoted to Captain in February 1862 and took command of Company D.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He accepted a volunteer commission as Major
and Acting Assistant General in the 10<sup>th</sup> Corps in April 1863.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was Chief of Artillery in operations
against Fort Sumter in 1863.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jackson
served in that position in both the 10<sup>th</sup> and 25<sup>th</sup> Corps
in the Army of the James and later was that Army’s chief of staff.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His last wartime assignment was commanding an
infantry division in the 25<sup>th</sup> Corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jackson won five brevets for gallantry during the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Entering the Army in 1851, this remarkable soldier
ended the war as a brigadier general U.S.V with a brevet rank of Major General.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jackson remained in the regular army after
the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">He was struck by lightning when he was on duty in the honor guard
for Ulysses S. Grant’s body at Mount McGregor on July 30<sup>th</sup> 1885.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn27" name="_ednref27" style="mso-endnote-id: edn27;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jackson</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> reached the regular army rank of lieutenant colonel, Fourth
Artillery in 1888.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He died on active
duty at Fort McPherson Georgia in 1892.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">First Sergeant
Keller of “L” obtained a volunteer commission in the Louisiana Volunteer
Cavalry in December 1863.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After
mustering out, he returned to the regular Army as an Ordnance Sergeant spending
most of his postwar career at Camp Douglas Utah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keller retired from the Army in 1885 after 31
years service and died at Buffalo New York in 1907.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Company M, First Artillery<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Company M
remained at Fort Jefferson until June of 1862 when it moved to Beaufort South
Carolina.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When Captain Hill was promoted
to major, Captain Loomis Langdon (USMA 1854) received the command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He served with the company for the remainder
of the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“M” remained in South
Carolina until February 1864 when it moved to Jacksonville Florida.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The company was badly cut up at the ill-fated
Battle of Olustee on February 20<sup>th</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In late spring of 1864 as part of a general concentration of regular
artillery batteries in Virginia, “M” moved to Fort Monroe and became part of
General Butler’s Army of the James.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
eventually was sent to the Petersburg line and remained there until April 1865.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is the only one of the five Texas
companies that participated in the final campaign in the east fighting at the
Battle of Appomattox Court House on April 9<sup>th</sup>, 1865<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Bennett Hill remained
with Company M until he was promoted to major in the 2<sup>nd</sup> Artillery
in December 1862. He remained in command at Fort Jefferson until October of
1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like many of the field grade
officers in the artillery regiments, Hill was not well enough to perform active
field service.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He served as </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Chief Mustering and Disbursing Officer, and
Superintendent of Volunteer Recruiting Service, in West Virginia, from October
1862, to April 1863; thereafter he held a similar assignment for the State of
Michigan from April 23, 1863, to July 31, 1865. In August of 1863 he was
promoted a lieutenant colonel of the Fifth Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hill received two brevets for Civil War
service to the rank of brigadier general.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He retired in 1870 and died in 1886.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Lewis Morris was
promoted to Captain and command of Company C, 1<sup>st</sup> Artillery on April
21, 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In August of 1862 he accepted
a volunteer commission as Colonel of the Seventh New York Heavy Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His regiment served in the Washington
defenses as heavy artillery until the 1864 Overland Campaign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like his father before him Lewis Morris was
also killed in battle. He fell at the head of his regiment in the horrific
fighting at Cold Harbor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">It was sent
to the Army of the Potomac and saw its first action at Cold Harbor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lewis Morris was killed at the head of his
regiment in the horrific fighting at Cold Harbor on June 4, 1864.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">William
Graham was promoted to first lieutenant in March and to captain in October
1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He assumed command of Light
Company K and lead it throughout the Civil War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>William Graham was one of the premier artilleryman to emerge from the
Civil War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was brevetted for
gallantry in the Peninsula Campaign, and for Antietam and Gettysburg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In August 1863 he assumed command of the 2<sup>nd</sup>
Brigade of Horse Artillery, which he commanded until April 1864. Graham emerged
from the war as a brevet brigadier general.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He returned to the regular army and after a long career in the artillery
was promoted to brigadier general in the regular army on May 26, 1897.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">At the start of the Spanish-American War in May 1898, he was promoted to
major general of U.S. Volunteers. After brief service in command of the 2nd
Corps, he retired from the regular army on his 64th birthday, and was honorably
mustered out of the volunteers on November 30, 1898.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graham died in 1916.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">First Sergeant
Robert Hall was appointed a lieutenant in the First Artillery in October 1861.
He remained with Company M at Fort Jefferson and later at Beaufort S.C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When his company moved to the Army of the
James in April 1864, Hall transferred to Company B, First Artillery and became
its commander In December 1864 Hall accepted a volunteer commission as Colonel
of 38<sup>th</sup> USCT.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He received
five brevets for gallant and meritorious service up to the rank brigadier
general of U.S.V.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After mustering out
in 1867 Hall returned to the First Artillery serving as adjutant and
quartermaster.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He died on duty at
Summerville South Carolina in 1874.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Light Company K, First Artillery<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Light Company K
remained at Fort Taylor until the end of 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In Washington the new Army commander George B. McClellan wanted as many
regular artillery companies as possible to be part of his new Army of the
Potomac.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Light Company K left Fort
Taylor in December under Redmond Tully, former First Sergeant and now a newly
minted second lieutenant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Upon arrival
in Washington in January 1862, the company met its new commander, Captain
William Graham who succeeded French when he was promoted to major in the 2<sup>nd</sup>
Artillery. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“K” was assigned with other regular
army batteries to the elite Artillery Reserve.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The company served at the Battle of Antietam in the Sunken Road under
Captain Graham supporting Richardson’s attack.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After Chancellorsville it was converted to horse artillery and served
with the cavalry corps through the Overland Campaign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The company was transferred to the Army of
the Shenandoah in August 1864 participating in all of that army’s principal
actions through the end of the war. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">William French was
promoted to major, Second Artillery in October 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shortly after that he was appointed a
brigadier general in the U.S.V. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French
was assigned to a brigade command in Israel Richardson’s division of the Second
Corps, Army of the Potomac where he performed very well in the Peninsula
Campaign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shortly before Antietam, a
third division was formed in the Second Corps and French moved over to command
it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French lead his new division at the
Sunken Road during the Battle of Antietam and again at Fredericksburg and
Chancellorsville.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reassigned to command
Harpers Ferry during the Gettysburg campaign, French assumed command of the
Third Corps on July 7<sup>th</sup>, 1863<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He participated in the unsuccessful Mine Run campaign and gave up corps
command in the reorganization of the Army of the Potomac that eliminated the
Third Corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mustering out of volunteer
service in May 1864, French reverted to his regular army rank of Lieutenant
Colonel of the Third Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
served on several artillery related assignments for the remainder of the
war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During the war, French received
brevets for gallantry at Fair Oaks, Antietam, and Chancellorsville and ended the
war with a brevet rank of major general.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>French went on to serve 15 more years reaching the rank of Colonel,
Fourth Artillery in 1877.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He retired in
1880 and died less than a year later on May 20, 1881.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinflVSjf6t_Ac_HDZGzSih1e-XuDDbLXiAurGy7awhrBfkuvXYPi71aYePXBgzzVVKy5gCligGldLnDDnkVkM8GC4GL9kuyHWfPgAtk7vAF_hG16bTBy70_w2ECpryOdjUV7qfHrGmiyHL/s1600/French+Frank+Sands+closeup.tiff" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinflVSjf6t_Ac_HDZGzSih1e-XuDDbLXiAurGy7awhrBfkuvXYPi71aYePXBgzzVVKy5gCligGldLnDDnkVkM8GC4GL9kuyHWfPgAtk7vAF_hG16bTBy70_w2ECpryOdjUV7qfHrGmiyHL/s1600/French+Frank+Sands+closeup.tiff" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lieutenant Frank French 1842-1865</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Perhaps with
some help from his father, French’s eldest son Frank age 19 secured a
commission in the First Artillery in September 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He served with Light Company I and was
wounded at Balls Bluff and again more severely at Antietam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like his father, he received brevets for gallantry
at Fair Oaks and Antietam and also for Cold Harbor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The younger French never fully recovered from
his Antietam injuries and died at his grandfather’s Delaware estate on
September 4 1865 at the age of 23.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His
father was not present at his son’s deathbed having been sent to the Pacific
coast with his new regiment one month earlier.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Samuel Chalfin accepted an appointment in the new Fifth
Artillery Regiment in May 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The next
year he was promoted to captain in the Fifth Artillery in command of Battery
L.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He served in the defenses of Fort
Taylor, Fort Pickens and Baltimore before accepting an appointment as a major
in the adjutant general’s branch.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From
1863 onward Chalfin served in Washington DC in various administrative
positions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He resigned from the army in
1869 and died in 1891. <o:p></o:p></div>
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First Sergeant Tully was appointed a Second Lieutenant in
the First Artillery in November of 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He commanded “K” in its transfer from Ft Taylor to Washington DC in
December but was back at Fort Taylor by April 1862 to take his new position in
Company D.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tully spent the first half of
the war in the Department of the South.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In April 1864 his battery was assigned to the Army of the James and
Tully spent the last months of the war on the Petersburg front.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He earned a brevet for gallantry at Darbytown
Road new Richmond on October 7, 1864.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After
the war he transferred to the infantry and after a long and distinguished
career retired from the Army in 1891.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
died in 1895.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Light Company M, Second Artillery<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">After a brief
stint at Fort Pickens, Light Company M, Second Artillery returned to Virginia
and fought at the First Battle of Bull Run under Henry Hunt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When Hunt accepted a majority in the new 5<sup>th</sup>
Artillery he was succeeded in command by Captain Henry Benson (USA 1848).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The company was one of the first organized as
Horse Artillery after Bull Run.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Benson
died of wounds suffered at Malvern Hill in August 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Second Lieutenant Peter Hains (USMA 1861) briefly
succeeded Benson and lead the battery at Antietam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There it supported Pleasonton’s cavalry
division at the Middle Bridge. For the rest of the war First Lieutenant (later
Captain) Alexander C.M. Pennington (USMA 1860) commanded the company. Light
Company M fought in all of the major campaigns with the Army of the Potomac until
the Overland Campaign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In September 1864
it was transferred to the Cavalry Division of the Army of the Shenandoah where
it served for the remainder of the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like
“K”, this battery served with great distinction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Edward Platt
fought with the battery at First Bull Run.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Promoted to captain on May 15, 1861, he commanded Company D, Second
Artillery until elevated to Chief of Artillery for General Smith’s division in
the Sixth Corps in May 1862. Platt fought on the Peninsula with the Sixth
Corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In September of 1862 he was
appointed a Lieutenant Colonel, Assistant Inspector General of the Sixth Corps;
In March 1863 he was appointed Judge Advocate of the Army of the Potomac and
served there until July 1864 when he returned to West Point as Acting Professor
of Spanish.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Platt earned brevets for
gallantry for First Bull Run and Fredericksburg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After the war he served largely in staff
positions in California, South Carolina the Gulf and Kansas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He died on duty in 1884 at Fort Leavenworth.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">James Thompson
was promoted to Captain of Company G, 2<sup>nd</sup> Artillery on August 1861.
He led the unit in the fighting of the Seven Days in June 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After returning from sick leave in September
1862 he became Chief of Artillery in the defenses of Cincinnati and from that
point served in the Army of the Ohio and Cumberland where he distinguished
himself at Chickamauga.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Towards the end
of the war, he served as a mustering officer at Louisville and Cincinnatti.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thompson was retired for disability in 1869
and died in 1880. His son John born in 1860 would one day invent the Thompson
machine gun known as the Tommy gun and rise to the rank of brigadier
general.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Guilford Baily
accepted a volunteer commission as Colonel of the First New York Light
Artillery Regiment in September 1861. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Baily capably organized and led the
regiment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Many of its batteries were
among the best in the Army of the Potomac.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Charles Wainwright, one of his regimental officers said of Baily that
”there were few men of more promise among us.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn28" name="_ednref28" style="mso-endnote-id: edn28;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Made Chief of Artillery in Silas Casey’s
division of the Fourth Corps, Bailey was killed leading one of his batteries at
the Battle of Seven Pines Virginia on May 31, 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">First
Sergeant Reilly served in “M” for the first two years of the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Successive commanding officers commended him
in official reports for his actions at First Bull Run, Williamsburg, and the
Seven Days.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn29" name="_ednref29" style="mso-endnote-id: edn29;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At Antietam the sergeant commanded the left
section “with remarkable coolness.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn30" name="_ednref30" style="mso-endnote-id: edn30;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reilly finally received an appointment as a
second lieutenant in the Fourth Artillery in March 1863.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He joined Company E, Fourth Artillery in
August 1863. Reilly served with the company occasionally in command through the
end of the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was promoted to first
lieutenant in June 1864.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reilly was
awarded two brevets for gallant and meritorious service.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On December 21, 1865 Reilly was convicted in
General Court Martial of several counts of intoxication, mutinous conduct,
threatening a fellow officer and breach of arrest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The court found him guilty of all but two
counts and sentenced him to be cashiered from the Army.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn31" name="_ednref31" style="mso-endnote-id: edn31;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reilly died in 1902 of Bright’s disease. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">It is to Fitz
John Porter that much of the credit goes for the successful escape of the
artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This exceptional officer
demonstrated the leadership, organizational ability, drive, and negotiating
skills, to perform this difficult mission.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He likely was chosen for these very reasons for this difficult
assignment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Upon completing his mission,
Porter was assigned as the Chief of Staff for General Robert Patterson’s
Department of Pennsylvania.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was
rewarded with a regular army commission as Colonel of the new 15<sup>th</sup>
Infantry Regiment on May 14<sup>th</sup>, and Brigadier General, U.S.V.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on May 17<sup>th</sup>, and Major General on
July 4<sup>th</sup>, 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Successfully
commanding a division and corps, it was General Porter’s leadership and courage
that saved the Army of the Potomac in the Battle of Gaines Mill in the Seven
Days.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But this protégé of George
McClellan suffered just as dramatic a fall from power in the autumn of 1862 as
his ascent had been a year earlier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Porter’s Fifth Corps was dispatched to the Army of Virginia in August
1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They became John Pope’s scapegoat
for the disastrous Union defeat at Second Manassas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now under a cloud McClellan convinced Lincoln
and Halleck to permit Porter to remain in command of his corps during the
Maryland Campaign. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, with McClellan’s
relief from command on November 5<sup>th</sup>, Porter’s departure from the
Army followed a week later. Arrested on November 25<sup>th</sup> on charges
brought by John Pope for his conduct at Second Manassas. Porter was convicted
and dismissed from the Army on January 21, 1863.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He spent the next 23 years fighting to
restore his name.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On May 6, 1882
President Arthur commuted Porter’s sentence and on July 1, 1886 </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a bill passed the Congress to restore Porter to
his regular army rank of colonel. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Porter died in 1901.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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In his final
report Porter said this about the artillerymen from Texas: </div>
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<i><b><br /></b></i></div>
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<i><b>“</b><b>In testimony of the character of
that portion of the army which came under my observation on the Rio Grande, I
wish to state that I never saw a more orderly and better disposed and more
easily controlled body of men, each man apparently seconding every effort and
wish of the officers to sustain under trying circumstances a well-earned
reputation for discipline and loyalty. “</b></i><o:p></o:p></div>
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<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> James Slaughter (1827-1901) from Virginia was
dismissed from the U.S. Army on May 14, 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He received a commission as a lieutenant of artillery in the Confederate
Army rising to the rank of brigadier general.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span style="color: #292622; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: SourceSansPro-Regular;">Slaughter served as an inspector-general on various staffs in
Alabama Mississippi and later as Chief of Artillery to General Magruder in
Texas. (USA-1846) indicates the year that he was appointed as an officer and
that he was not a graduate of the Military Academy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i><span style="color: #36322d; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Returns
From Regular Army Artillery Regiments, June 1821-Jan. 1901</span></i><span style="color: #36322d; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">; (National Archives Microfilm M727, 38
rolls); Records of the Adjutant General’s Office, 1780s-1917, Record Group 94;
National Archives, Washington, D.C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Returns used here are the February 1861 reports.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> His brother Alan was appointed as a lieutenant in the
Marine Corps in 1857.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He served on the
USS Richmond in the West Gulf Blockading Squadron during the campaign against
Port Hudson in 1863.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alan Ramsay died of
small pox in 1864.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Major Lewis Arnold, Second Artillery Letter of
recommendation for an officer appointment for Robert Hall, July 17, 1861.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Hunt married Mary Craig on December 27, 1860 in
Washington.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His first wife Emily died in
May 1857 of long-term complications from the birth of his second child.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hunt’s two children were actually in San
Antonio Texas being cared for by his brother in law Major Nichols and his
family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The separation from the children
caused Hunt now in Washington no small degree of worry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When Major Nichols was paroled after the
surrender in Texas, he brought the children out safely with his family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The
Man Behind the Guns – A Military Biography of General Henry J. Hunt</i> by
Edward Longacre (New York De Capo Press 2003)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Special Orders, No. 25, Hdqrs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Department of Texas San Antonio, Tex.,
February 14, 1861<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pursuant to instructions from the headquarters of the Army,
dated January 31, 1861, received today, the following movements of troops will
take place:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I. Companies F, K, and L, First Artillery, at Fort Duncan,
Company M, First, and Company M, Second Artillery, at Fort Brown, will march,
immediately upon receipt of this order, for Brazos Santiago, at which place a
steamer has been directed to be in readiness to receive them for transportation
out of Texas. The light companies will take their guns, ammunition, and
equipments with them, but will leave their horses on embarkation. The other
companies will move with their arms and ammunition, and all the companies with
such camp equipage, as can be transported by the means within their command.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II. Companies C and E, Third Infantry, will move to Fort
Brown without delay, to replace the garrison ordered out of Texas, and will
take charge of the artillery horses of Companies K, First, and M, Second
Artillery, for which purpose details from each company will be made.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">III. Company B, Third Infantry, will repair at once to Fort
Duncan, and relieve the present garrison of that station.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IV. The troops from Fort Duncan will carry provisions as far
as Fort Brown.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">V. The transportation will be taken from the means at the
posts from which the movements will be made.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">By
order of Brevet Major-General Twiggs:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>W. A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>NICHOLS,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: right; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Assistant Adjutant- General</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Monthly Return for Company F, First U.S. Artillery
February 28, 1861<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Haskin, William J., <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">History of the First Artillery</i> Page 136</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> OR Series 2 Volume 1 page 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> OR Series1 Volume1 page 591 General Orders No. 5, War
Department dated March 1, 1861<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Series 2 Volume 1 </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Page 19, Letter from Major French to
Major Porter, March 6, 1861<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[12]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
French makes reference to “the heat of the weather” in his March 6 message to
Porter<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>OR Series 2 Volume 1 page 19.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn13" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="mso-endnote-id: edn13;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[13]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> From March 1861 Monthly Return of 1<sup>st</sup>
Artillery Regiment and Army Record of Enlistment Robert Anderson </span><a href="https://www.fold3.com/image/310824111?terms=Robert%20Alexander"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">https://www.fold3.com/image/310824111?terms=Robert%20Alexander</span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn14" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref14" name="_edn14" style="mso-endnote-id: edn14;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[14]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Porter in dispatches dated March 4<sup>th</sup>, 1861<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“by authority and in the name of the general
in chief” ordered Lieutenant Colonel Backus commanding Ringgold Barracks to
order Company A, 3<sup>rd</sup> Infantry still at Ringgold Barracks to proceed
to Fort Brown.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also directed Major
Sibley at Ft McIntosh to send Companies F&I to Fort Brown as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Porter was attempting to embark no less than
five infantry companies to evacuation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn15" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref15" name="_edn15" style="mso-endnote-id: edn15;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[15]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> OR Series1 Volume1 page 591 Letter from Captain Hill,
First Artillery to Colonel Cooper, Adjutant General; February 19, 1861</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn16" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref16" name="_edn16" style="mso-endnote-id: edn16;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[16]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> OR Series1 Volume1 page 540 Captain Bennet Hill to
General Nichols Texas State Commissioner February 32, 1861;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn17" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref17" name="_edn17" style="mso-endnote-id: edn17;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[17]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Stoneman’s command consisted of Companies E & G
of the 2<sup>nd</sup> Cavalry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With
Stoneman were Lieutenants James Witherell (USA 1855), Manning Kimmel (USMA
1857) and 122 troopers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is based on the February 1861 return for
the 2<sup>nd</sup> Cavalry Regiment. Witherell drowned on March 20, 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The evacuation camp set up at Brazos was
named Camp Witherell in his memory.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn18" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref18" name="_edn18" style="mso-endnote-id: edn18;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[18]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kimmel (1832 – 1916) was from Missouri. He fought for the
Union with the 2<sup>nd</sup> Cavalry at Bull Run but subsequently resigned his
commission and served in the West under such Confederate commanders as Earl Van
Dorn, Kirby Smith, Sterling Price and John Magruder. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn19" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref19" name="_edn19" style="mso-endnote-id: edn19;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[19]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Haskin <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">First
Artillery</i> Page 138<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn20" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref20" name="_edn20" style="mso-endnote-id: edn20;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[20]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> All departure dates are from the regimental monthly
returns.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn21" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref21" name="_edn21" style="mso-endnote-id: edn21;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[21]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> See OR Series 2 Volume 1 for Porter’s full report on
chartering the Rusk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn22" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref22" name="_edn22" style="mso-endnote-id: edn22;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[22]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">According to the March returns, 41 soldiers deserted while the
command awaited orders to move to the coast:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1<sup>st</sup> Artillery:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Company
F lost seven soldiers; Company K lost 9 soldiers; Company L lost 2 soldiers;
Company M lost 9 soldiers; 2<sup>nd</sup> Artillery:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Company M lost 2 soldiers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additionally 12 men from the 3<sup>rd</sup>
Infantry deserted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn23" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref23" name="_edn23" style="mso-endnote-id: edn23;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[23]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">An equinoctial gale is a storm of violent winds and
rain occurring at or near the time of an equinox (i.e. March 21) and popularly,
but erroneously believed to be physically associated with it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Source:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dictionary.com. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn24" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref24" name="_edn24" style="mso-endnote-id: edn24;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[24]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Haskin, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">First
Artillery </i>page 139<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn25" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref25" name="_edn25" style="mso-endnote-id: edn25;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[25]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Company A reached Fort Brown on March 11<sup>th</sup>
as the artillery garrison was departing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It did not depart Fort Brown for the coast until March 20<sup>th</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It missed Porter’s departure by one day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Porter also planned to take out Companies
F&I at Fort McIntosh.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Major Sibley
in command there suffered numerous delays.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>They reached the Mouth of the Rio Grande on March 26.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After marches and countermarches the three
companies were caught up in the results of the attack on Fort Sumter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They were compelled to surrender to
Confederate forces at Saluria Texas on April 26<sup>th</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Held briefly the companies were paroled and
allowed to depart Texas for New York where they finally arrived on June 1<sup>st</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stoneman’s command was more fortunate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They left their camp on the Rio Grande on
March 20<sup>th</sup> arriving at New York on April 11<sup>th</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Source OR Series 3 volume 1 pages 24 and 25.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn26" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref26" name="_edn26" style="mso-endnote-id: edn26;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[26]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">OR Series 1 Volume 6 pg 476</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn27" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref27" name="_edn27" style="mso-endnote-id: edn27;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[27]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Eicher, John H. and David J. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Civil War High Commands </i>(Stanford CA, Stanford University Press
2001) 316<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn28" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref28" name="_edn28" style="mso-endnote-id: edn28;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[28]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Wainwright Charles S. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A Diary of Battle</i> edited by Allan Nevins<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(New York, Da Capo Press 1998), 76<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn29" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref29" name="_edn29" style="mso-endnote-id: edn29;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[29]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">OR Series 1 Volume 2 377 First Bull Run; "</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">very efficient,"
Major Hunt; </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OR 11:1 694 Peninsula; "</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">intelligence, coolness,
and bravery " Lieutenant Barlow; </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>OR 11:2 251
Seven Days "recommended for a commission" Henry Benson; Supplement</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">-Army Official Records-Volume 3 page 525 </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Antietam "</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria;">remarkable coolness"
Peter Hains</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn30" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref30" name="_edn30" style="mso-endnote-id: edn30;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[30]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> OR Series 1 Volume 19:1 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn31" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref31" name="_edn31" style="mso-endnote-id: edn31;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[31]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">HQ Dept. of Washington Special Order 169, December 21,
1865</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-45703594989314713712017-10-16T08:31:00.003-04:002017-10-17T07:13:01.534-04:00Getting the Guns Out Part 1<div class="MsoNormal">
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #505050; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">This is part one of a two
part article on the story of William French an officer not generally know or
highly regarded in the annals of Civil War, and his instrumental role in saving
five valuable artillery companies located in secessionist Texas in the final
weeks of the Buchanan Administration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Part
1 is the story of French’s career as an artillery officer up to the beginning
of the Civil War.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbPPIwZinDVqGQMvWj9zVgl4B0-aU3oBKG8Q6dwNfRaqO9CG0Ry89seApmTTBnayg5jyKX7vG5ByfDLlO-qzbFVDUHc-fFY3l8Jd4mQrP8Ve8cUx4HP5G1ub_a0AgBtZIH9KAcDlLvjj3m/s1600/French+W.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="690" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbPPIwZinDVqGQMvWj9zVgl4B0-aU3oBKG8Q6dwNfRaqO9CG0Ry89seApmTTBnayg5jyKX7vG5ByfDLlO-qzbFVDUHc-fFY3l8Jd4mQrP8Ve8cUx4HP5G1ub_a0AgBtZIH9KAcDlLvjj3m/s200/French+W.jpg" width="134" /></a></div>
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<span style="color: #505050; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">At
the Battle of Antietam, William French commanded a newly organized infantry division
in the Second Corps. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Before that he
earned a reputation as a solid fighter leading a brigade in Israel Richardson’s
division.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French earned a brevet for
gallantry ninety days before Antietam at the Battle of Fair Oaks. Oliver Howard
once said that his fellow brigade commander had “</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a mind of unusual quickness, well replenished by a long
experience in his profession.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French
somehow was able to take more men into action and have less stragglers than any
of his parallel commanders.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></span><span style="color: #505050; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #505050; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">While
French had established a name for himself up till then as a competent infantry
commander, he was much better known before the war as one of the United States
Army’s premier artillerists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>William
French was born in Baltimore on January 13, 1815.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His father William was a veteran of the War
of 1812.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His mother was the noted singer
Anna Rosetta Halverson who appeared in performances in Baltimore and
Philadelphia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He grew up with 3 sisters
and two brothers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His mother died when
William was 13 shortly after the family moved to Washington. His father was an
employee of the Post Office.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The youth received
his appointment to West Point from the District of Columbia in 1833.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He graduated in 1838 and his classmates were
a veritable stellar cast of future Civil War luminaries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They included </span><span style="color: #505050; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">John
Pemberton, Arnold Elzey, Braxton Bragg, Eliakim Scammon, Jubal Early, Bennett
Hill, John Sedgwick, Joseph Hooker, and Robert Chilton.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also attending the Academy at the time were
future artillerists Henry Hunt and William Barry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French’s ranking in the top half of the class
earned him an appointment in the First Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #505050; mso-ascii-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-hansi-font-family: Cambria;">Upon graduation, French and
Hooker were sent to Florida and saw action in the Second Seminole War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1838 they followed each other to the Northern
Frontier with Canada during border disturbances there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Along the way French married Caroline Read,
daughter of George Read III scion of one of Delaware’s oldest and most
influential families.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All of their sons
served in the military and their daughters both married military officers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One grandson served in the Third Army with
General Patton in World War 2.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their first child, Frank was born on April
18, 1842 while the young couple was stationed at remote Hancock Barracks in
Maine.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> Their
second son, William followed two years later while the young couple was stationed
at Fort Adams, Rhode Island.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
August 1845 orders came for the movement of Lieutenant French’s Company F to
Louisiana to form part of Zachary Taylor’s Army of Observation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Caroline took their two young boys back to
her father’s house at New Castle Delaware as her husband prepared to move
south.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Company F commanded by Captain
George Nauman (USMA 1823) was a foot artillery company without guns or
horses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the Mexican War these
companies became known as red leg infantry and fought as such.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In May of 1846 the company went to Fort Brown
on the Rio Grande in Texas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For seven
months French was stuck at Point Isabel Texas as a commissary officer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In May of 1847 his fortunes changed when he
was attached to Francis Taylor’s (USMA 1825) Light Company K, First Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The company was one of the Army’s original
four light artillery companies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was
mounted with horses and guns in 1838 by order of Secretary of War
Poinsett.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nine years later, Taylor a
Virginian, was still in command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
February 1847, Light Company K boarded the SS Arkansas and moved to Vera Cruz
to join Winfield Scott’s army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French
was attached as acting Adjutant General to the staff of division commander
Robert Patterson.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 32-year-old French
earned a brevet promotion for gallant and meritorious conduct at Cerro Gordo on
April 18 1847.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He earned a second brevet
at the Battle of Churubusco.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I cannot
find any accounts of what French’s actions were at either battle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At Cerro Gordo, he was on Patterson’s
staff.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At Churubusco, the monthly
returns indicate he was attached to Taylors Light Company K, a battery of
six-pounders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“K’ got hammered at Churubusco
losing 2 officers, 20 enlisted men and 13 horses.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #505050; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #505050; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">French
served as aide de camp to future president Franklin Pierce in October and
November of 1847. In December he was transferred to Captain “Prince John”
Magruder’s Light Company I.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Magruder was
sick at the time and French as the senior officer relieved Second Lieutenant
Thomas J. Jackson of command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French and
Jackson’s associations over the next two years did no credit to either
officer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In January 1848 Jackson was
promoted to First Lieutenant and transferred to Light Company I. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Another young Virginian, Lieutenant Ambrose
Powell Hill took his place.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French
served with Hill until October 1848.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
that month he was promoted to Captain of Company E.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Its previous captain James H. Prentiss (USMA
1830) died of yellow fever on September 22, 1848 at the company’s encampment at
Fort Polk Texas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Company ‘E’ was another
foot artillery company and also fought in Mexico as red leg infantry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of French’s new lieutenants was John
Brannan (USMA 1841).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Brannan later had a
distinguished career in the Civil War rising to command a division of infantry
at Chickamauga where he was brevetted for gallantry. He went on to serve as
Chief of Artillery for the both the Army of the Cumberland and Tennessee.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The other lieutenant was Abner Doubleday who
commanded an artillery company at Fort Sumter and an infantry division in the
First Corps at Antietam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In October 1850
as French’s company prepared to embark for Florida, Doubleday and Thomas
Jackson traded companies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Doubleday
moved to Light Company K and Jackson moved under French’s command in Company
E.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jackson was unhappy about moving from
one of the elite light companies into a foot artillery company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He also deeply respected and admired Captain Francis
Taylor, his commander at<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>‘K’ and Taylor
returned that feeling.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was not to be
the same with William French. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Almost
immediately, sparks flew over French’s apparent tendency to micromanage the
relocation of several of the buildings at Fort Meade to a higher more healthy
elevation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jackson was in charge of the
project and resented the perceived interference.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French’s wife Caroline lived at Fort Meade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>She was a kind and considerate woman who
welcomed the awkward and shy Jackson into her home.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Caroline had given birth to their first
daughter Annie and was frequently ill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>She had a servant named
Julia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Apparently the puritanical
Jackson felt it was inappropriate for Captain French to escort Julia back to
her quarters on the other side of the post at the end of the day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jackson who already smarted from his
commanding officer’s micromanagement style felt compelled to formally prefer
charges about this behavior.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The flurry
of charges and countercharges between the two men roiled Company E causing
another officer to request a transfer and the noncommissioned officers to take
sides. It finally took General David Twiggs, the department commander to put an
end to the bickering between the men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
dismissed Jackson’s charges as without merit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Jackson resigned from the Army to take a position at VMI.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French would not let the incident go but he
too was finally ordered to move on by Twiggs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>French and his former subaltern would next find themselves in the fields
around Sharpsburg Maryland nine years later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #505050; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Company
E left the miserable swamps and stifling heat of Florida and relocated to the
Artillery School of Practice at Fort Monroe in December of 1853.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This move to the east coast brought a period
of relative stability for French and his family.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A third son Frederick was born in 1855.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In May of that year, Francis Taylor the long
serving commander of Light Company K was promoted to Major, of the First
Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Regulations required that
captaincies of light artillery companies be filled, not by the senior first
lieutenant in the regiment but by the officer “best qualified” for the
position.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is a measure of French’s abilities that he
was selected over the other eleven captains of the First Artillery to replace
Taylor in command of Light Company K.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
company was located at Fort McHenry outside of Baltimore.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French,
a Marylander was no doubt pleased with this new assignment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was also close to his wife’s ancestral
family estate at New Castle Delaware.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
family’s fourth son, George Ross French was born in 1857. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #505050; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">At
this time, Secretary of War Jefferson Davis selected French to be part of </span>a
three-man panel of light artillery company commanders to modernize the system
of instruction for field artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
other panel members were old friends William Barry and Henry Hunt, both
captains in the Second Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Secretary
Davis chose wisely.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barry was an
original officer in Ringgold’s battery C, Third U.S. Artillery the first light
artillery company organized by the army back in 1839.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barry had been an artillery company commander
since 1852, most recently commanding Light Company Second Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Henry Hunt, like French was a combat veteran
of the Mexican War and was the foremost champion and proponent of the light
artillery in the army. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hunt commanded
Light Company M, Second Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
three men’s work, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Instructions in Field
Artillery</i> was published in 1860.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Instructions</i> was the primary artillery
manual used by the army throughout the Civil War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It standardized artillery organization,
drill, tactics and ammunition supply for American artillery forces.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The importance of this work cannot be over
emphasized.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As part of the Army’s periodic reshuffling of artillery
companies, Light Company K was ordered to Texas in June of 1859.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Caroline and the five children accompanied
him on the move.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Travelling by rail and river, the company reached
Helena Arkansas on June 17.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The rest of
the journey was an overland march of 700 miles to their new post at Fort Clark
Texas where they arrived on September 26.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In June of 1860 the company moved to Fort Duncan at Eagle Pass, 45 miles
further down the Rio Grande.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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There were two foot artillery companies of the First
Artillery at Fort Duncan that were not mounted with guns or horses. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">Lieutenant Henry Clossen (USMA 1854)
commanded Company F and Lieutenant James Robinson (USMA 1852) commanded Company
L.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In total, 8 officers, 219 enlisted
men, 60 horses and 4 guns garrisoned the post.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">At Fort Brown
325 miles down river were the other two other artillery companies assigned to the
Department of Texas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French’s West
Point classmate and friend Captain Bennett Hill (USMA 1837), First Artillery
commanded this post.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The fort was just
outside of Brownsville opposite the town of Matamoros about 30 miles inland
from the coast.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With Hill were his own
Company M, First Artillery, and Light Company M, Second Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The captain of Light Company M was Henry
Hunt, French’s colleague from the Artillery Board.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hunt was absent on special duty commanding
the arsenal at Harpers Ferry Virginia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In Hunt’s absence, First Lieutenant Edward Platt (USMA 1849) was in
command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Light Company “M”s guns were
particularly valuable because they were the new Model 1857 Light 12-pounders
eventually known as Napoleons – the only company in the army equipped with
these advanced weapons. The Fort Brown garrison had a total of 6 officers, 134
enlisted men, 60 horses and 4 guns.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">With the
election of Abraham Lincoln, the southern states began seceding from the
Union.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On February 1, 1861 Texas became
the seventh state to secede. There was great danger that the rebels would
capture the men, guns and valuable artillery accouterments of the five
artillery companies stationed along the Rio Grande.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While small in numbers of men and equipment,
these artillery companies were extremely valuable.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In a future war, they could form the nucleus
of a powerful artillery arm if they could be saved. </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 7.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">End of Part 1<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Autobiography
of Oliver O. Howard</span></i><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> 1907 New York, The Baker and Taylor Company, page 186</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> John French Conklin (1891-1973) graduated from West
Point in the Class of 1915 “the class the stars fell on.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Classmates were Dwight Eisenhower, Omar
Bradley and James Van Fleet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">participated
in the expedition into Mexico in 1916 and World Wars I and II. He served as
Company Commander, Regimental Commander, at the Command and General Staff
School, at the Army War College; as an instructor at West Point and in civil
assignments through the Corps of Engineers. He was an Engineer of the Third
Army under </span><u><span style="color: #552255; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">General George S. Patton</span></u><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">, preceded by
his designation as Engineer of the I Armored Corps, also under General Patton.
He saw service in North Africa and on the beaches of Normandy to the Bavarian
Alps. He was engaged in the Battle of the Bulge, crossing the Rhine, the Isar
and the Inn, en route to Austria. His conspicuous service won him promotion to
General rank in 1945. Subsequent assignments were with the Office of the Chief
of Engineers, 1945-1947 and in Japan. He retired in 1951, and died in 1973.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Frank Sands French (1842-1865) was born at Houlton
Maine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was commissioned as a
lieutenant in the First US Artillery on September 27 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was wounded at Ball’s Bluff and again at
Antietam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Frank earned brevets for
gallantry at Fair Oaks, Antietam and Cold Harbor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He never recovered from his wounds and died
on September 6, 1865 at his grandfather’s estate at New Castle Delaware.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> William Henry French (1844-1923) was born at Newport
Rhode Island.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was commissioned as a
lieutenant in the 57<sup>th</sup> New York Infantry on March 8, 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 57<sup>th</sup> was assigned to his
father’s brigade in the Second Corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>French earned a brevet for gallantry at Cold Harbor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was transferred to the 61<sup>st</sup> New
York in December 1864.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French was
honorably mustered out of the Army in March 1865.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He accepted a commission in the 19<sup>th</sup>
Infantry in 1866 and resigned from the Army in 1870.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He married Emily Ott in 1870 and had 15
children.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French died in 1923.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Dillon, Lester R. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American
Artillery in the Mexican War 1846-1847</i> Austin TX Presidio Press 1975 page
46<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Annie Read French </span><span style="color: #000075; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">(1852 - 1899)</span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">, born the
24th of May, 1853, at Tampa, Hillsborough County, Fla., while her father was
stationed there; married, the 24th of May, 1875, to Captain John M. Clem, of
the United States army. He was born at Newark, Licking county, Ohio, in 1853,
entered the United States army in 1862 as a drummer-boy, and distinguished
himself in the battles of Chickamauga, and Shiloh, and became famous as the
"Drummer-boy of Chickamauga," and for his distinguished services and
gallantry was appointed, when only ten years of age, a sergeant in the United
States army ; became second lieutenant in 1870, first lieutenant in 1874, and
captain and assistant quartermaster in 1882. They had one son, John Clem.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Lieutenant Frederick Halverson French, </span><span style="color: #421643; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">(1855 -
1906)</span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">* </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">an 1877 graduate of West Point in 1877, commissioned in
the Third Cavalry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Resigned in
1885.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: "Palatino Linotype"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";">Died, June 26, 1906, at Washington, D. C.:
Aged 51.</span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> War Department General Order 12 March 1, 1849.</span>
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">Lieutenant George Ross French, </span><span style="color: #000075; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana;">(1857 -
1895) </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Times;">United States Navy, born 8th July, 1857, at Fort McHenry,
Baltimore, Maryland, while his father was stationed there; a graduate of the
Academy, Annapolis, in 1880; midshipman of the United States Navy in 1882;
ensign, June, 1884; married, in Baltimore, 26th of March, 1885, Elizabeth
Hollingsworth, daughter of Charles Findlay, Esq. Mrs. French was born the 17th
of November, 1856. They have one son, Findlay French.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Based on the 1860 census records for Fort Clark Texas
that list Caroline, Frank, Willliam, Anna, Frederick, and Ross as family
members.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> At Fort Duncan were Light Company “K”, First
Artillery with Captain William French commanding, First Lieutenant James
Slaughter, and Second Lieutenant Douglas Ramsay, Post Adjutant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were 73 enlisted men, 60 artillery
horses, and four guns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Company </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">“F”, First Artillery
had First Lieutenant Henry Clossen commanding and Second Lieutenant Douglas
Ramsay who served as Post Adjutant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“F”
had 70 enlisted men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Company “L”, First
Artillery had First Lieutenant James Robinson commanding with Second Lieutenant
Richard Jackson and 76 enlisted men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn12" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="mso-endnote-id: edn12;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[xii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> At Fort Brown were Company </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">“M”, First Artillery
with Captain Bennett Hill commanding, First Lieutenant Lewis Morris and Second
Lieutenant William Graham.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were 71
enlisted men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Light Company “M”, Second
Artillery had First Lieutenants Edward Platt commanding, First Lieutenant James
Thompson and Second Lieutenant Guilford Bailey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There were 63 enlisted men, 60 artillery horses, and four Light 12 pounders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Light Company “M” was Henry Hunts company but
he was on detached service at the time commanding the garrison at Harpers Ferry
Virginia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 10.0pt;">Autobiography
of Oliver O. Howard</span></i><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 10.0pt;"> 1907 New York, The Baker and Taylor Company, page 186</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> John French Conklin (1891-1973) graduated from West
Point in the Class of 1915 “the class the stars fell on.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Classmates were Dwight Eisenhower, Omar
Bradley and James Van Fleet.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">participated
in the expedition into Mexico in 1916 and World Wars I and II. He served as
Company Commander, Regimental Commander, at the Command and General Staff
School, at the Army War College; as an instructor at West Point and in civil
assignments through the Corps of Engineers. He was an Engineer of the Third
Army under </span><span style="color: #552255; font-size: 10pt;">General George S. Patton</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">, preceded by
his designation as Engineer of the I Armored Corps, also under General Patton.
He saw service in North Africa and on the beaches of Normandy to the Bavarian
Alps. Conklin was engaged in the Battle of the Bulge, crossing the Rhine, the Isar
and the Inn, en route to Austria. His conspicuous service won him promotion to
General rank in 1945. Subsequent assignments were with the Office of the Chief
of Engineers, 1945-1947 and in Japan. He retired in 1951, and died in 1973.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Frank Sands French (1842-1865) was born at Houlton
Maine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was commissioned as a
lieutenant in the First US Artillery on September 27 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was wounded at Ball’s Bluff and again at
Antietam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Frank earned brevets for
gallantry at Fair Oaks, Antietam and Cold Harbor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He never recovered from his wounds and died
on September 6, 1865 at his grandfather’s estate at New Castle Delaware.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> William Henry French (1844-1923) was born at Newport
Rhode Island.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was commissioned as a
lieutenant in the 57<sup>th</sup> New York Infantry on March 8, 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 57<sup>th</sup> was assigned to his
father’s brigade in the Second Corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>French earned a brevet for gallantry at Cold Harbor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was transferred to the 61<sup>st</sup> New
York in December 1864.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French was
honorably mustered out of the Army in March 1865.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He accepted a commission in the 19<sup>th</sup>
Infantry in 1866 and resigned from the Army in 1870.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He married Emily Ott in 1870 and had 3
daughters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>French died in 1923.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Dillon, Lester R. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">American
Artillery in the Mexican War 1846-1847</i> Austin TX Presidio Press 1975 page
46<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt;">Annie Read French </span><span style="color: #000075; font-size: 10.0pt;">(1852 - 1899)</span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt;">, born the
24th of May, 1853, at Tampa, Hillsborough County, Fla., while her father was
stationed there; married, the 24th of May, 1875, to Captain John M. Clem, of
the United States army. He was born at Newark, Licking county, Ohio, in 1853,
entered the United States army in 1862 as a drummer-boy, and distinguished
himself in the battles of Chickamauga, and Shiloh, and became famous as the
"Drummer-boy of Chickamauga," and for his distinguished services and
gallantry was appointed, when only ten years of age, a sergeant in the United
States army ; became second lieutenant in 1870, first lieutenant in 1874, and
captain and assistant quartermaster in 1882. They have one son, John Clem.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> War Department General Order 12 March 1, 1849.</span>
<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt;">Lieutenant George Ross French, </span><span style="color: #000075; font-size: 10.0pt;">(1857 -
1895) </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt;">United States Navy, born 8th July, 1857, at Fort McHenry,
Baltimore, Maryland, while his father was stationed there; a graduate of the
Academy, Annapolis, in 1880; midshipman of the United States Navy in 1882;
ensign, June, 1884; married, in Baltimore, 26th of March, 1885, Elizabeth
Hollingsworth, daughter of Charles Findlay, Esq. Mrs. French was born the 17th
of November, 1856. They have one son, Findlay French.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt;">Rosalie French, (1861 – 1891) was born at New Castle,
Delaware. She married Lieutenant J. Conklin, of the United States army. Their
son </span><span style="color: #262626; font-size: 10.0pt;">John French Conklin (1891–1973) was also a graduate of the U.S.
Military Academy and a brigadier general in the United States Army. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[10]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> At Fort Duncan were Light Company “K”, First
Artillery with Captain William French commanding, First Lieutenant James
Slaughter, and Second Lieutenant Douglas Ramsay, Post Adjutant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were 73 enlisted men, 60 artillery
horses, and four guns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Company </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">“F”, First Artillery
had First Lieutenant Henry Clossen commanding and Second Lieutenant Douglas
Ramsay who served as Post Adjutant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“F”
had 70 enlisted men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Company “L”, First
Artillery had First Lieutenant James Robinson commanding with Second Lieutenant
Richard Jackson and 76 enlisted men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn11" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="mso-endnote-id: edn11;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[11]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> At Fort Brown were Company </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Helvetica;">“M”, First Artillery
with Captain Bennett Hill commanding, First Lieutenant Lewis Morris and Second
Lieutenant William Graham.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There were 71
enlisted men.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Light Company “M”, Second
Artillery had First Lieutenants Edward Platt commanding, First Lieutenant James
Thompson and Second Lieutenant Guilford Bailey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There were 63 enlisted men, 60 artillery horses, and four Light 12
pounders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Light Company “M” was Henry
Hunts company but he was on detached service at the time commanding the
garrison at Harpers Ferry Virginia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-87489925458147022852017-07-23T08:50:00.001-04:002017-07-23T08:50:58.008-04:00Announcement of Antietam Battlefield Guides Written Examination <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiikC6Z_gCTTvGZnFROgNweL6rkgiSrZ8ZbI4YLqbZCdG7975qmFeKmVy27fWjwBdoGHARs49S877wpyn_X9r_7squm-G31HjP0yii9UM1G3gtncMlaVTVFrOep_bWdXIDDzs8pLerLLtNY/s1600/Jim+Rosebrock+and+Chris+Vincent.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1064" data-original-width="1600" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiikC6Z_gCTTvGZnFROgNweL6rkgiSrZ8ZbI4YLqbZCdG7975qmFeKmVy27fWjwBdoGHARs49S877wpyn_X9r_7squm-G31HjP0yii9UM1G3gtncMlaVTVFrOep_bWdXIDDzs8pLerLLtNY/s320/Jim+Rosebrock+and+Chris+Vincent.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Antietam
Battlefield Guides (ABG) will be offering the written examination at 9AM on
Saturday November 4, 2017 at the Sharpsburg Area Rescue Service, 110½ West
Chapline Street, Sharpsburg, Maryland. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There
is a $50 administrative charge associated with taking this examination. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
A prerequisite for becoming a guide is active
participation in the Battlefield’s Volunteers in the Parks (VIP) program. Individuals
must sign up to be volunteers at Antietam National Battlefield and be active
park volunteers during the testing, mentoring and final evaluation processes
and thereafter. You DO NOT need to be a volunteer to take the written test.
However, to take the final evaluation with a park ranger and senior guide, you
must have accumulated 100 volunteer hours at the battlefield. Antietam Ranger
Olivia Black is the volunteer coordinator and can be reached at this email
address: <a href="mailto:Olivia_black@nps.gov">Olivia_black@nps.gov</a>.<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Test Description</span></u></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: This examination evaluates
your knowledge of the Maryland Campaign. </span>The test consists of over 200
questions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They include true false,
multiple choice, matching, fill-in-the-blank and short answer questions. <span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>There are no essays. However,
throughout the examination there are several short answer questions requiring
you to BRIEFLY discuss a certain aspect of the campaign. You are not evaluated
on writing style here. Simply communicate the information in short sentences,
bullets or in an outline form that gets your point across. You should be able
to answer these questions in the space provided in this test booklet.<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> You will have four hours to
complete the examination. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
You will be tested on your knowledge of <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">the following
topics:</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">The Civil War in general</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">The Maryland Campaign and battles at Harpers Ferry,
South Mountain, Antietam and Shepherdstown including:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Orders of battle
down to division level including unit locations and movement on the field.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Backgrounds of the
principal commanders, division and higher<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
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more famous brigades, (Irish, Black Hat, Texas) and their commanders<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
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objectives of both sides<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
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timeline<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">History of Antietam National Battlefield and its
memorials, monuments and landmarks, artillery positions, mortuary cannons,
avenues, auto tour stops, and hospital locations</span></div>
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artillery) and medical practice</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size: 9.333333015441895px;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Symbol;">·</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Knowledge of the town of Sharpsburg and the farms and
families who lived on the battlefiel</span></div>
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the battlefield.</span></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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The test is organized in three parts. Part One addresses the
Maryland Campaign in general. Part Two covers the Battle of Antietam
specifically. Part Three covers other required knowledge including the
aftermath of the battle, park history, civilians, military aspects of terrain
and other information categories not included in the first two parts. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">T</span>here may
be photographs of monuments that you will have to identify, photos of officers of
both sides, a map section where you will be asked to identify geographic
features, buildings, locations of divisions and select artillery positions.<o:p></o:p></div>
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To be accepted as a guide candidate, you must score 90% on
the written test.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If you score between
85% and 90%, you will be eligible to retest no earlier than 60 days after you
take the initial test. You will have one opportunity to retest and must score
90% or higher. Candidates who score below 85% on the initial test are not
eligible to retest and must wait for the written exam to be offered again. You
may take the retest at no additional charge.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>See our list of recommended readings to prepare for the test at <a href="https://antietamguides.files.wordpress.com/2017/04/antietam-reading-list-mar-2017.pdf" target="_blank">here</a>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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When you pass, you will be assigned a guide-mentor and are then
ready to proceed to the next step in the process. If you are not a volunteer at
Antietam, you must sign up at this point. You are now considered and designated
as a guide-candidate.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">If you
are ready to begin the process, please email Chief Guide Jim Rosebrock (</span><a href="mailto:pointsalines@yahoo.com"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pointsalines@yahoo.com</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) to receive a test application
and a copy of the guide agreement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
agreement outlines your obligations and responsibilities as a battlefield guide
after you have completed all examinations and training.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Complete
the application paying particular attention to the areas where you address your
current background and interests in the Civil War and the Maryland Campaign and
why you want to become an Antietam Battlefield Guide. Also be sure to include
two references. Submit your application no later than October 6, 2017. You may
email your application to Chief Guide Jim Rosebrock (</span><a href="mailto:pointsalines@yahoo.com"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pointsalines@yahoo.com</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) or drop it off at the Museum
Bookstore at Antietam National Battlefield.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Instructions for paying the guide test application will be provided
directly to those who submit an application.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>We look forward to hearing from you.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-55692492449921747662017-07-15T09:56:00.000-04:002017-07-15T09:56:21.420-04:00The Creation of the Artillery Reserve in the Army of the PotomacThis begins a series of posts (hopefully) that trace the
history of the Artillery Reserve of the Army of the Potomac. This article covers the initial organization
of this command until its arrival on the Peninsula in April 1862.<br /><div class="MsoNormal">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When George<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>McClellan
arrived in Washington in July 1861 and assumed command of the forces that
eventually became the Army of the Potomac, he decided to retain William Barry
as his Chief of Artillery. Barry had served in that capacity under Irwin
McDowell.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barry’s credentials were
impeccable despite his flawed orders that resulted in the destruction of
Ricketts Light Company I, First Artillery and Charles Griffins Battery D, Fifth
Artillery at Bull Run.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He graduated from
West Point in 1838, a year ahead of Henry Hunt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Both served together in the 2<sup>nd</sup> Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barry had the distinction of serving in the
very first light artillery company of the U.S. Army, Samuel Ringgolds Battery
C, 3<sup>rd</sup> US Army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He went to
Mexico but became sick and returned to the United States without seeing any
action.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barry commanded Light Company A,
2<sup>nd</sup> Artillery after Hunt left it and like Hunt was on the panel that
revised the Army’s artillery tactics. Barry’s role would be as the administrative
head of the artillery in the Army of the Potomac.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And in that role he gave good service.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Barry’s guiding principals for the
administration of the artillery in the Army of the Potomac are well known and I
wont go into them here.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Needless to say,
they outlived him and by the end of the war had spread to all of the Union
armies in the field.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Henry Hunt was appointed to command the Artillery
Reserve.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was the number two
artillery job in the Army of the Potomac.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Unlike Barry whose job was administrative, Henry Hunt actually held a
tactical command of artillery units’ lead by artillery officers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In European armies, this would have been
called an artillery division and it would have rated a general officers star.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Reserve had its own staff, a subordinate command
structure of brigades, and an ammunition train. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The mission of the artillery reserve was to augment the
fires of the batteries assigned to the infantry divisions. Its guns could be
quickly deployed to a threatened sector or could be used to mass fires for a
planned attack.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Reserve also had a
logistics mission.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It stocked additional
supplies of ammunition that could be distributed to batteries throughout the
Army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally it was intended that
batteries assigned to the infantry divisions worn down in combat could be
refitted in the Reserve.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Assignment to
the Reserve was considered an honor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYgCCceG09f22hmtIgaz-tzkzm3QUt-pcw0KTzB3mFFi49ZJ1p_dX2zC_d0J-qGwe7Od0fUNx8bBRbp86vlOKo_ROPzwikcA8zOCfS2IgjLd160ahHIHQ8wWZrUUKveOy5DQhQ9fMzY4SC/s1600/Fair+Oaks%252C+Va.%252C+vicinity.+Brigade+officers+of+the+Horse+Artillery+commanded+by+Lt.+Col.+William+Hays_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="813" data-original-width="1024" height="254" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYgCCceG09f22hmtIgaz-tzkzm3QUt-pcw0KTzB3mFFi49ZJ1p_dX2zC_d0J-qGwe7Od0fUNx8bBRbp86vlOKo_ROPzwikcA8zOCfS2IgjLd160ahHIHQ8wWZrUUKveOy5DQhQ9fMzY4SC/s320/Fair+Oaks%252C+Va.%252C+vicinity.+Brigade+officers+of+the+Horse+Artillery+commanded+by+Lt.+Col.+William+Hays_2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Officers of the Horse Artillery Brigade at Fair Oaks Va. 1862</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
At first the Reserve only contained regular army artillery
units.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was initially organized in two artillery
brigades with 8 regular artillery companies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The first brigade consisted of Horse Artillery and was commanded by
William Hays, Hunt’s old friend and wartime colleague. Hay’s was born in
Richmond Virginia the son of a prominent lawyer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He graduated from West Point in 1840, one
year behind Hunt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He served with Hunt in
James Duncan’s Light Company A, 2<sup>nd</sup> Artillery in Mexico.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He fought in all the major actions, was wounded
and twice brevetted for gallantry. Like George Thomas, John Gibbon, and John
Buford who were also from southern states, Hays had to declare his loyalty to
the Union.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hunt’s second brigade was
field artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>George Getty commanded
this brigade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Getty was born in
Washington DC the son of a Treasury Department auditor. He was a West Point classmate
of Hays. Getty was from the 4<sup>th</sup> Artillery and like Hays and Hunt served
with great distinction in Mexico.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b>Getty spent the 1850s fighting the
Seminoles in Florida and on the western frontier.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hunt’s principal staff officer was Lieutenant Edward Warner.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Warner graduated from West Point in 1857. He
was a classmate of Porter Alexander the noted Confederate artillerist at
Gettysburg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The young Pennsylvanian was
commissioned in the 3<sup>rd</sup> Artillery. When the war began, Warner was
serving on the West Coast when the war began.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In October 1861 McClellan ordered much of the 3<sup>rd</sup> Artillery
in California to come to the Army of the Potomac, Warner as Regimental
Quartermaster was largely responsible for the successful transportation of the
regiment from California to Panama and then from there to New York.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hunt was impressed with the young
Pennsylvanian’s abilities and made him his assistant adjutant general.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Thru the fall of 1861 and into the next spring, Hunt worked
hard outfitting and drilling his batteries. Together with his leadership team
and a number of young talented battery commanders Hunt built up the Artillery
Reserve into a formidable combat force.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His family situation was secure. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mary and their son Conway living not far away in
Washington and his two older children lived in New York with their aunt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unburdened of family worries Hunt continued
to refine his own thoughts on artillery organization and tactics<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Later on a battalion of heavier artillery was added to the
Reserve.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was mustered into the Army
as the 1<sup>st</sup> New York Artillery Battalion. Four companies were
organized.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Three were issued 20-pound
Parrott guns and one had 32-pound howitzers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The battalion was organized around a group of German artillerists who
served in the army of the Grand Duchy of Baden.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Their first commander was Lieutenant Colonel Andreas Breckel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1849, Breckel led the artillery in Franz
Sigel’s forces during the unsuccessful insurrection against the Prussians. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In March 1862, the Army of the Potomac began the great
movement of to the Peninsula.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hunt’s
Artillery Reserve fell under the command of Fitz-John Porter, the officer who had
been instrumental in extricating Union artillery from Texas just a year
earlier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Initially his light artillery
saw little action though the officers and men assisted in constructing the
siege lines around Williamsburg.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Hunt was always extremely careful to preserve his precious
artillery horses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>You couldn't’ just
hitch up any old nag to an artillery limber and expect the horse to work as a
part of the team.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Therefore it was
critical to take good care of the horses and not overload them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Every good artilleryman took care of his
horses first before he attended to his own needs.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hunt absolutely forbid cannoneers from riding
on the limbers, or piling up their knapsacks on them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Worn out horses would do the artillery little
good if they were suddenly needed to maneuver quickly in battle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite frequent edicts to this effect, Hunt
discovered that cannoneers of his German artillery units were riding on the
limbers and caissons as the horses were trying to negotiate very treacherous
roads.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hunt immediately ordered the
relief of Colonel Brickel and his replacement by Major Albert Arndt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When the bewildered German asked why he had
been relieved, Hunt replied by letter:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: black;">“In
reply to your note … desiring to know the cause of your arrest, I have to state
that it was for the neglect of my repeated instructions in nearly all of your
Batteries in the night march of the 6th [of May]. During nearly all the night
the cannoneers were mounted notwithstanding the badness of the roads
overloading the [horses], and defeating the movement of the Reserve.”</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Colonel Brickel resigned his commission one week later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Henry Hunt didn’t mess around!<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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In a future post, we will cover the actions of the Artillery
Reserve in the battles on the Peninsula.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> National
Archives Record Group 393 Part 1, Entry 4011 I<span style="color: #505050; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">ssuances Received by the Chief of Artillery page 72</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-79302752433740784892017-06-15T06:54:00.000-04:002017-06-15T06:54:30.645-04:00Not Stewart's Way<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdwwqZMnlB_nsZ9JtCxn7W-F5F44HBnfB0dDoYkhR_MCOAHstEmuEqZxuX3TYEavkK6AlxvHAGM0nxtNPw9EARCfde4djDBTKxJSM87vl1N-KnCuH_0ZxfOF4tjYxtvIIoS4elYUEZL8SN/s1600/USS_Brandywine_1831_OldNavyDays.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="459" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdwwqZMnlB_nsZ9JtCxn7W-F5F44HBnfB0dDoYkhR_MCOAHstEmuEqZxuX3TYEavkK6AlxvHAGM0nxtNPw9EARCfde4djDBTKxJSM87vl1N-KnCuH_0ZxfOF4tjYxtvIIoS4elYUEZL8SN/s200/USS_Brandywine_1831_OldNavyDays.jpg" width="191" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">USS Brandywine</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Like
the number one graduate in Robert E. Lee’s Class of 1829, the man who beat
George McClellan for top honors in the immortal West Point Class of 1846 is
also relatively unknown. Unlike <a href="http://southfromthenorthwoods.blogspot.com/2017/04/he-beat-robert-e-lee-at-west-point.html">Charles
Mason</a> (USMA 1829) who sat out the Civil War as a Copperhead, Charles S.
Stewart made important contributions to Union victory as a military
engineer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Charles
Seaforth Stewart was born at sea, April 11, 1823, on board the American ship
Thames, in N. Lat. 8 degrees, 30 minutes, W. Long. 134 degrees of the Pacific
Ocean near the Hawaiian Islands.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His parents
Reverend Charles Samuel Stewart, and Harriet Bradford Tiffany were sailing there
among the first party of American missionaries to that island kingdom. His
infancy was spent on the Island of Maui.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His mother's illness compelled their return to the United States while
he was still a small child. She died when he was 7 years old.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Charles’ boyhood was passed mostly at
Cooperstown, New York. He underwent a five year program of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>classical education at the prestigious Edgehill
School at Princeton, New Jersey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
October 1839 at the age of 17, he joined his father, now a Navy chaplain aboard
the USS Brandywine, a 44-gun frigate as clerk to Captain William C. Bolton
USN.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ship embarked on a three-year cruise
of the Mediterranean as part of a squadron commanded by Commodore Isaac Hull.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the spring of 1841 the ships were ordered
out of the Mediterranean as relations with Great Britain deteriorated over the
Caroline incident.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Despite fears of a
confrontation, the ships passed by Gibraltar uneventfully on their way back New
York where they arrived on May 12 1841.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Though
he came from a naval heritage, Charles was very desirous to obtain an
appointment to West Point. His father proudly described his son’s
qualifications for a Military Academy appointment in a letter to Secretary of
War John C. Spencer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“His personal qualifications are good.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He is well formed, has a sound constitution,
and is in full health. He has been carefully educated, and after having been
five years at a distinguished classical school at Princeton left it with
testimonials and [illegible] of the highest merit for talent, attainments and
good morals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In addition to the Latin
and Greek languages, he speaks and writes the French with great facility, and
is not unacquainted, either in reading or speaking with the Spanish and
Italian.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He draws with great correctness
and taste and for two and a half years has had opportunities for observation by
travel in several of the principal kingdoms of Europe and in all respects is
probably better prepared to do credit to himself and honor to such an
institution, as West Point than one in a hundred of all who have entered it.
The severity of the course of study exacted from the cadets is well known to
him, not so far from being a discouragement is an incentive to his desire and
his solicitude for an appointment.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">No
less a person than New Jersey Senator Samuel Southard </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">advanced the young man’s
application.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Southard was a former navy
officer acquainted with Charles’ father.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He capably served as </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Secretary of the Navy in the administrations of James Monroe
and John Quincy Adams. At the time of Stewart’s application, Southard </span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">was </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">President pro tempore of the Senate and </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">acting Vice President of
the United States </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">after
the death of<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">William Henry Harrison<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #222222;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #222222;">and the elevation of Vice President<span class="apple-converted-space"> John</span></span> Tyler<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; color: #222222;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; color: #222222;">to the presidency.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Charles
was appointed a cadet at the U. S. Military Academy, from New Jersey, and entered
on September 1, 1842 at the age of 19 years and 4 months. A highly educated and
well-travelled young man, he would indeed be a formidable rival for an equally
well prepared 15 year old from Philadelphia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>George McClellan despite his young age had completed two years at the
University of Pennsylvania and like Stewart was well versed in languages, the
classics, and mathematics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">McClellan’s
avowed goal was to be number one but he met his match in the New Yorker.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Writing to his mother he wrote: “Toiling up
hill is not what it is cracked up to be!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>I do not get marked as well for as good (or a better) recitation, as the
man above me… if I were already above him, I could distance him, I think.” <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Here
is a comparison of Stewart and McClellan’s academic rankings at West Point:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Fourth Year 1843<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Stewart
ranked 1<sup>st</sup> overall; 1<sup>st</sup> in Mathematics;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1<sup>st</sup> in French;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 demerits (9<sup>th</sup>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">McClellan
ranked 3<sup>rd</sup> overall; 3<sup>rd</sup> in Mathematics; 5<sup>th</sup> in
French; 51 demerits (137<sup>th</sup>).<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Third Year 1844<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Stewart
ranked 1<sup>st</sup> overall; 2<sup>nd</sup> in Mathematics; 2<sup>nd</sup> in
French; 7<sup>th</sup> in Drawing; 1<sup>st</sup> in English; 2 demerits (8<sup>th</sup>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">McClellan
ranked 3<sup>rd</sup> overall; 1<sup>st</sup> in Mathematics; 6<sup>th</sup> in
French; 20<sup>th</sup> in Drawing; 6<sup>th</sup> in English; 25 demerits (52<sup>nd</sup>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Second Year 1845<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Stewart
ranked 1<sup>st</sup> overall; 1st in Philosophy; 1<sup>st</sup> in Chemistry; 6<sup>th</sup>
in Drawing; 0 demerits (3<sup>rd</sup>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">McClellan
ranked 4<sup>th</sup> overall; 2<sup>nd</sup> in Philosophy; 2<sup>nd</sup> in
Chemistry; 12<sup>th</sup> in Drawing; 60 demerits (102<sup>nd</sup>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 270.65pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">First Year
1846<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Stewart
ranked 1<sup>st</sup> overall; 1<sup>st</sup> in Engineering; 1<sup>st</sup> in
Ethics; 1<sup>st</sup> in Artillery; 1<sup>st</sup> in Infantry tactics; 3<sup>rd</sup>
in Mineralogy and Geology; 0 demerits (5<sup>th</sup>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">McClellan
ranked 2<sup>nd</sup> overall; 2<sup>nd</sup> in Engineering; 2<sup>nd</sup> in
Ethics; 2<sup>nd</sup> in Artillery; 3<sup>rd</sup> in Infantry tactics; 1<sup>st</sup>
in Mineralogy and Geology; 20 demerits (62<sup>nd</sup>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Stewart
appears to have been a mature, quiet, studious, and unassuming young man.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As indicated in his father’s letter to the Secretary
of War, he welcomed the challenge and discipline of the Military Academy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In four years of study, he ranked number one
every year and accumulated just seven demerits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>McClellan was outgoing and friendly and very well liked at West
Point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Though a top performer, he was
approachable and helpful to his classmates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He “earned” 156 demerits, not a large number over four years but a more
active pattern perhaps indicative of his teenage years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was in McClellan, not Stewart that classmates
and instructors alike saw the greatest potential.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Classmate William Gardner speaking of
McClellan said “we expected him to make a great record in the army, and if
opportunity presented, we predicted real military fame from <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>him.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Erasmus Keyes, one of McClellan’s future
corps commanders was an instructor at the Academy at the time both men passed
through.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of McClellan, Keyes wrote, “A
pleasanter pupil was never called to the blackboard.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Stewart
graduated on July 1, 1846, at the head of his class, numbering fifty-nine
members, the largest class that had up to that time been graduated from the
Academy. In addition to McClellan, its members included such notables as John
Foster, Jesse Reno, Darius Couch, Thomas Jackson, Albert Magilton, Truman
Seymour, Richard Rush, Samuel Sturgis, George Stoneman, Dabney Maury, David R.
Jones, George Gordon, Cadmus Wilcox, and George Pickett.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Though
fiercely competitive McClellan and Stewart were most assuredly friends.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They maintained a correspondence over the years,
some of which is included in the Charles Stewart family papers at the Houghton
Library at Harvard University.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Upon
graduation, McClellan and many of his classmates were immediately ordered to
Mexico.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stewart was not among them,
instead being assigned as Assistant Engineer in the construction of Fort
Trumbull, Connecticut. His lack of Mexican War service probably worked to his
disadvantage.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He narrowly escaped death
on November 27 1846 when the Sound Steamer Atlantic on which he was a passenger
broke up in a severe coastal storm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps
owing to his long experience aboard ships, Charles was one of the few survivors
who succeeded in getting ashore.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Stewart
returned to West Point in 1849 as Assistant Professor of Engineering. He was
reunited there with McClellan now a Mexican War hero who commanded the Engineer
Company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The two young officers, no longer academic
rivals renewed their acquaintance and no doubt worked closely together.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>McClellan
left for other duties in 1851. Stewart remained at West Point until 1854 when
he took up work as superintending engineer in the construction of Forts Warren,
Independence, and Winthrop, in Boston Harbor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">On
April 15, 1857, Charles Stewart married Cecilia Sophia DeLouville Tardy,
granddaughter of Alexis Evstaphieve, Russian Consul General at New York.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Three children, two boys and a girl were born
of this marriage.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stewart continued to perform engineering duties
around Boston until 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the start
of the Civil War, he was dispatched to the Tidewater area of Virginia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He constructed the defenses of Hampton Roads
and field works around Newport News. Stewart was attached to the Army of the
Potomac upon its arrival on the Peninsula in April 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Brigadier General John G. Barnard, Chief
Engineer of the Army of the Potomac says this about Stewart’s service with that
army:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Capt.
C. S. Stewart, was temporarily detached from duties at Fort Monroe, and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">joined
the army about the middle of April<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>He
was attached to General Sumner's headquarters during the siege <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">[of Yorktown]</i>. On the advance of the
army he accompanied the advance guard under Brigadier General Stoneman with
whom he remained until the arrival on the Chickahominy, where he was taken sick
from overexertion and was obliged to return to Fort Monroe…. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">[he] </i>rendered valuable services at
Yorktown, and at the battle of Williamsburg he discovered the unoccupied works
on the enemy's left, ascertained the existence of and reconnoitered the route
by which they might be gained, and by which Lieutenant Farquhar (who had
accompanied him) led Hancock's brigade. To him, therefore, the decided
successes on that part of the field are in a great measure due…. Afterwards,
with the advance guard under General Stoneman, he was so unsparing of himself
in his reconnaissance and reports of the character of the country, roads, etc.,
as to induce the sickness which compelled him to leave the field.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Stewart
remained at Fort Monroe after the departure of McClellan’s army in August of
1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was Consulting Engineer during James
Longstreet’s siege of Suffolk in April 1863 and later led the construction of
additional field fortifications covering Portsmouth and Norfolk.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1864, Stewart was in charge of building
the defenses around the prisoner of war camp at Point Lookout Maryland.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He ended the war as chief engineer of the
Middle Military Division. He ended the war as a Major in the Engineers with two
brevets to Lieutenant Colonel and Colonel.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Stewart spent five years superintending the construction of the Delaware
River and Bay defenses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From 1870 until
his retirement in 1886 he was stationed in California serving on numerous
construction projects and engineer boards.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Stewart rose to the rank of full colonel in 1882.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">On
July 1<sup>st</sup>, 1886 his son Cecil graduated from the Military Academy and
was appointed a second lieutenant in the 3<sup>rd</sup> Cavalry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He served for 21 years and among other
assignments serve in combat in the Phillippine Insurrection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of Cecil’s classmates was another
cavalryman by the name of John J. Pershing.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLYc95XOsvNtQewPQkpg0A2xscELML3F8eVOSlapI4ved-w5r5Q3FOSbu7kNqtu0Z1f0hW2eSYSTJSG7C2TtuycO2cs9vg9K7UVDpjK4khRc6TgdrXXGUEhyaiDOQMcUvmy3iIl-d3LP78/s1600/Stewart+Charles+Seaforth.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="884" data-original-width="618" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLYc95XOsvNtQewPQkpg0A2xscELML3F8eVOSlapI4ved-w5r5Q3FOSbu7kNqtu0Z1f0hW2eSYSTJSG7C2TtuycO2cs9vg9K7UVDpjK4khRc6TgdrXXGUEhyaiDOQMcUvmy3iIl-d3LP78/s200/Stewart+Charles+Seaforth.jpeg" width="139" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">Charles
Stewart retired on September 16, 1886.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>His wife died just two months later in California.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now a widower, Stewart returned to his
boyhood home of Cooperstown. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He led a
quiet life, but remained active in church and local affairs for many
years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On April 23, 1904 he was
appointed a Brigadier General, United States Army retired, in accordance of an
Act of Congress approved April 23, 1904.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Three months later while on a trip to Siasconset, Massachusetts, he
suffered an accidental fall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He died of
internal injuries resulting from that accident on July 22, 1904, age 81. Charles
Stewart is buried at Lakewood Cemetery in Cooperstown New York.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">How was it that such a
distinguished officer never reached general officer rank?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Stewart and McClellan were on excellent terms
after they graduated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They served for a
time at West Point after the Mexican War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>While under Little Mac’s command in the Army of the Potomac, Stewart
made important contributions to the siege of Yorktown and Battle of
Williamsburg and lead the reconnaissance of Stoneman’s cavalry as it advanced
toward Richmond in May of 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I will
leave it to General Alfred A Woodhull an old friend to offers a possible
explanation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">“It
was a complaint of McClellan's and of Stewart's friends alike<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">that
the former, when holding effective influence and knowing as he surely<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">knew
his classmate's admirable qualities, failed to make him a general<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">officer
of volunteers. It was so easy to do, and so easy to have undone<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">should
it prove undesirable, that the explanation seems to be that McClellan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">awaited
Stewart's initiative by application. But that was <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not Stewart's<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">way</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">… In many respects the career of General Stewart represents
that of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">the
mass of those meritorious officers upon whose intelligence, fidelity,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">and
high sense of duty to the nation the essential character and the<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">ultimate
efficiency of every permanent military establishment must depend.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">They
rarely are in the public eye, and they discharge their duty<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">with
assiduity because it is their duty. They shrink from notoriety and from
the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">well-intentioned
but worthless praise of incompetent judges,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt;">and
equally disdain the censure of the partisan and the ignorant.” <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--StartFragment-->
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Navy History and
Heritage Command “Brandywine” <a href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/brandywine-i.html">https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/b/brandywine-i.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Charles Stewart to John
C. Spencer February 12, 1842, Charles S. Stewart West Point Application File
1842 318<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> John C. Waugh , <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Class of 1846</i> (New York: Warner, 1994), 54
New York; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>George McClellan to Elizabeth McClellan,
February 1, 1845, McClellan papers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Official Register of the Officers and Cadets of the U.S. Military
Academy, West Point New York</i> for the years 1843-1846<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Demerits ranking is
based on all four classes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Waugh, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Class of 1846, </i>66; Gardener, Memoirs
page 8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> Charles Seymour
Stewart, born April 12, 1858; died, February 8, 1893. Cecil Stewart, born April
12, 1864 died 1933, Cora Stewart, born March I5,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1873; died, February 1, 1876.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> OR 11:1 Report of
General Barnard page 123-124; Reports of Brig Gen. John G. Barnard, U. S. Army,
Chief Engineer of operations from May 23, 1861, to August 15, 1862.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[9]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 10.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">1905 Association of Graduates</i> “Charles S. Stewart” 70-71</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-9130402145239935302017-05-14T22:13:00.000-04:002017-05-14T22:14:27.208-04:00“A Pipe Full”<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTv2C_iAJezmiVBig0621oGUV808ZqY3S_yk8_Hwf6qdj3ukdjJtvAtOEDNjTFOf5qP0H9QexFgoiBuREyuc_jqJ-oeT063AUXovv8aAMZlB6IRZsfsvB_TcmNt-gGCmfS8Y_TgzD0p79A/s1600/Egan+John+USMA+closeup.tiff" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTv2C_iAJezmiVBig0621oGUV808ZqY3S_yk8_Hwf6qdj3ukdjJtvAtOEDNjTFOf5qP0H9QexFgoiBuREyuc_jqJ-oeT063AUXovv8aAMZlB6IRZsfsvB_TcmNt-gGCmfS8Y_TgzD0p79A/s320/Egan+John+USMA+closeup.tiff" width="262" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Egan (USMA Graduation Photo 1862)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 11pt;">As the Association of the
Graduates of the United States Military Academy was preparing to
meet in June 1908, Colonel John Calef was writing a eulogy that would appear in
the Necrology section of the annual report.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">
</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">Calef was one of the few Civil War era regular army artillery officers
still alive.</span><span style="font-size: 11pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 11pt;">It was his sad duty to
memorialize the life of his classmate John Egan.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Calef and Egan served as
young artillery lieutenants in the Army of the Potomac many years earlier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graduates of the Class of 1862, they were
immediately pressed into service with that great army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both were present at the Battle of Antietam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Egan served in George “little Dad” Woodruff’s
Light Company I, First Artillery supporting John Sedgwick’s division along the
Smoketown Road.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He received a brevet
promotion to First Lieutenant for gallant and meritorious service.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Calef was with Battery K, Fifth U.S.
Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Commanded by Lieutenant
William Van Reed, that battery supported Union regular infantry from George
Syke’s division as it advanced across the Middle Bridge on the afternoon of the
battle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Calef’s role at Antietam was not
significant enough to be recognized.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However,
he would earn a name for himself nine months later on July 1, 1863 commanding
the horse artillery of John Buford’s cavalry division.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">In remembering his classmate,
Calef chose to recall a humorous incident that occurred when the young men were
still at West Point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We take up John
Calef’s account here:<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As a cadet "Dad" Egan, as he was known from his
seniority in age, was a "popular man" in his class. From the natural
expression of his long face the impression would be entertained that he was of
a very serious turn of mind, but that only concealed a genial disposition and
an ever-ready vein of Celtic humor which he was wont to vent at times in
practical jokes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">When a first classman his room was the rendezvous for a
certain coterie during the evening release from quarters. There, though
"grim visaged war" was in the land, the pipes of peace were in full
operation, and it got so that "Dad" thought a certain member of the
band was unreasonably "sponging" on him for fuel for his pipe. So
Egan got some fine sawdust which he stained with burnt sienna, and after drying
the mixture he awaited his opportunity, which occurred the same evening. The
rest of us in the secret were pulling away at our pipes, discussing graduation
and the proximity to active service, when the individual in question, whose
pipe was out, asked Egan for a "pipe full," and was told to help
himself from the jar which contained a "new brand, just received."
This he did, and after much puffing and the burning of many matches, Egan asked
him how he liked "the flavor of the new tobacco?" The reply was:
"I don't think much of it; it has a woody taste." The laugh following
this criticism "released the cat," much to the embarrassment of the
victim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWzNhAY0Uo4maPtYXcuOlFDtXDE8fX8cjEhp8gYuuKqpX-C9YM-DpahEcuSPoXDyPVC-3BLx0RKMmjLUqjPHuXsTgGjnUcFG7Xnc93rjHBf9RcwTbhE0-3Sy6UCgqOd60CPT_Cb6GH-HpM/s1600/Calef+John+USMA+Closeup.tiff" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWzNhAY0Uo4maPtYXcuOlFDtXDE8fX8cjEhp8gYuuKqpX-C9YM-DpahEcuSPoXDyPVC-3BLx0RKMmjLUqjPHuXsTgGjnUcFG7Xnc93rjHBf9RcwTbhE0-3Sy6UCgqOd60CPT_Cb6GH-HpM/s200/Calef+John+USMA+Closeup.tiff" width="185" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Calef (USMA Graduation Photo 1862)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;">Egan died on his 69<sup>th</sup>
birthday, July 23, 1906. After surviving three years of bloody civil war
including five months of captivity in a Confederate prison, Egan was struck by
a streetcar as he crossed 6<sup>th</sup> Avenue in New York City.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He died instantly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Calef, John. “John Egan” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Association of Graduates Annual Reunion</i>, June 12, 1908 p. 45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-13563868050890151282017-04-17T22:46:00.000-04:002017-04-17T22:59:02.622-04:00He Beat Robert E. Lee at West Point<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir6cDMUZEUVLWjfhkIm2vKkliaHe8WX_zMgwCpjzvIbyrpZjzx4VCPe7VsGMZfjx33m10ySrNwYXK6IlcHWjL9UPWp75T1r0bC-UI-bo7DZBd9j2XONe7EfZmIAC3gVdDvTEFG0VtZO45t/s1600/Mason+Charles.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir6cDMUZEUVLWjfhkIm2vKkliaHe8WX_zMgwCpjzvIbyrpZjzx4VCPe7VsGMZfjx33m10ySrNwYXK6IlcHWjL9UPWp75T1r0bC-UI-bo7DZBd9j2XONe7EfZmIAC3gVdDvTEFG0VtZO45t/s200/Mason+Charles.jpg" width="146" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Charles Mason</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #555555; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Both Robert E. Lee and George B. McClellan were
graduates of the United States Military Academy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lee graduated in 1829 and McClellan graduated
seventeen years later in 1846.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both ranked
second in their respective classes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Today, Lee and McClellan overshadow and
outshine the two men who beat them out for top honors.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Charles Mason and Charles Stewart are not
names that resonate in the history of the Civil War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most people don't even know them.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But both men deserve a better fate than to be
considered obscure and unimportant.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their
contributions to Civil War history are significant and indeed surprising.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is the first of two posts that consider
the careers of the men who lead the West Point classes of 1829 and 1846.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #555555; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Charles Mason was born on October 24, 1804 in Pompey
New York, a small town near Syracuse. He was a full two years older than Robert
E. Lee who was born on January 19, 1807. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Charles was the fifth of six children born to
Chauncey and Esther Dodd Mason. Unlike the highbred Lee’s of Virginia, Charles’
father up to the end of his life was a carpenter.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mason attended local schools and at the ago of 19 was admitted to West Point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Douglas
Southall Freeman described Mason at West Point as “invincible”, a man “ of
studious habits and uncommon ability.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
No matter how hard Lee worked, he was never able to academically supersede the young New
Yorker. Like Lee, Mason never earned a single demerit in his four
years at the Academy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In July of every year, the position of
adjutant was filled.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was the
highest-ranking cadet in the Corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It
went to the man who manifested the finest military bearing and best record on
the drill ground.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is here that Lee
came out on top, being appointed to that position in July of 1828. One year
later, the men parted ways upon their graduation on July 1, 1829.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marshall was number one and Lee number
two.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their high class standing destined
both men for appointment to the elite Corps of Engineers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lee’s orders sent him to Fort Monroe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He served his first assignment as an
assistant engineer in the construction of that fort.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mason remained at the Military Academy as Principal
Assistant Professor of Engineering for two years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #555555; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mason did not elect to make the Army a career.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He resigned on December 31, 1831 and returned
to Newburgh New York where he studied law and eventually joined a law firm.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two years later he moved to New York City and
became acting editor for the New York Post, a pro-Democratic paper. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #555555; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>While
Lee was establishing a reputation as a skilled military engineer, Mason moved in
1836 to Des Moines, then a small village in the Wisconsin Territory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Governor Henry Dodge appointed him county
attorney and Mason settled down on a farm at Burlington.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He married Angelica Gear a local girl and the
couple had three daughters.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1838 when
Iowa became a territory, President Van Buren appointed him Chief Judge of
the Territorial Supreme Court.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In that
role, Mason was instrumental in writing the criminal code for the new
territory.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #555555; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Eighteen years before the famous Dred Scott
decision, Chief Justice Mason in 1839 heard the case of Ralph, a Missouri slave
who had been allowed by his master to come to Iowa in exchange for a promise of
payment to buy his freedom.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ralph did
not pay and when his owner tried to force him back into slavery, Mason ruled
that under the Missouri Compromise of 1820, slavery in Iowa was forever
prohibited.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A master who permitted a
slave to become a resident in Iowa could not exercise any acts of ownership
within Iowa.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #555555; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mason served on the Supreme Court until 1848
when he was commissioned to chair a panel that prepared a code of laws for the new
state of Iowa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By now, Captain Lee was a
bona fide war hero of the Mexican War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Serving on Winfield Scott’s staff, Lee earned three brevets for gallantry
at Cerro Gordo, Contreras, and Chapultepec.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #555555; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In April 1853
President Pierce appointed Mason as the U.S. Commissioner of Patents in
Washington D.C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was an energetic
reformer who reorganized the system for applying for patents and inaugurated a
system for obtaining weather information by telegraph.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mason also hired the first woman to regular
employment in a federal office.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
determined young Massachusetts woman was Clara Barton, future Civil War humanitarian
and Red Cross founder.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lee was back at
the two men’s alma mater as Superintendent of West Point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #555555; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In August 1857 Mason
resigned as Patent Commissioner, unhappy with the politics of the Buchanan
administration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He returned to Iowa and
was elected to the state’s Board of Education.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Meanwhile, Lieutenant Colonel Lee commanded the 2<sup>nd</sup> Cavalry
Regiment in Texas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He returned that year
to Washington to settle his father in laws tangled estate at Arlington.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Undoubtedly Mason who was back in Iowa read
of Lee’s lead role in the capture of John Brown at Harper’s Ferry in October
1859.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #555555; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In 1861, Mason unsuccessfully ran as the
Democratic candidate for governor of Iowa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The former army officer from New York opposed secession but stood up for
the constitutional rights of the southern states.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He cast his lot with the Peace Democrats
declaring that the Union “can never be perpetuated by force of arms and that a
republican government held together by the sword becomes a military despotism.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mason’s only overt support of the war
was his appointment by Iowa governor Samuel Kirkwood to a state war bond
commission.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lee likely had similar
sentiments to Mason on the issue of secession and the rights of South. Promoted
to Colonel, of the 1<sup>st</sup> U.S. Cavalry on March 16, 1861, he was now one of
only 19 regimental commanders in the Army.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His command of that regiment would last one
month. Turning down an offer of a senior command in the Federal Army, Lee
resigned on April 25, 1861 to follow Virginia into the Confederacy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #555555; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mason returned to
Washington in 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By then, Lee was
remaking the Army of Virginia in his own image and emerging as the preeminent
military leader of the Confederacy. Mason leveraged his political connections,
to establish the lucrative patent law firm of Mason, Fenwick and Lawrence.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was active in Democratic circles
determined to oust Lincoln in the 1864 campaign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among other roles, he chaired the Democratic
National Central Committee.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lee was also
determined to see Lincoln defeated in the 1864 elections.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mason no doubt followed the military
successes of his former classmate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lee, an
avid reader of Northern newspapers was no doubt aware of his former rival’s
partisan activities in Washington as well. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #555555; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mason ran again for
governor of Iowa in 1868 and lost convincingly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As he grew older, Mason remained active in local affairs in Burlington
serving as president of the local water company and several railways.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He returned to the national scene as a
delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1868 and 1872.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Throughout his long life, Charles Mason
retained a great interest in farming and agricultural science and the farm at Burlington was the center his family life.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #555555; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">While Charles Mason did not offer his services
to the Union war effort, his son-in-law had a distinguished military career. George
Collier Remey from Davenport Iowa was an 1859 graduate of the U.S. Naval
Academy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Like Charles Mason, he
graduated with honors.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Though born far from the ocean, Remey served
with great distinction on the seas during the Civil War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was on the gunboat Marblehead during the
Peninsula Campaign and subsequently a part of the Union blockading squadron off
Charleston South Carolina.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
ill-fated attacks against that city in September 1863, Lieutenant Remey commanded
a division of landing boats.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His was the
only one to make it ashore and was smashed by Confederate gunfire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remey was captured and spent 13 months in a
Confederate prison.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1873 Remey
married Mary Josephine Mason.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his
long illustrious career, he served in the Spanish American War and commanded
the United States Asiatic Fleet before retiring as a Rear Admiral in 1903. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #555555; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Later in life, Charles Mason reflected about
the war years, and his role as a leading Copperhead.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Writing in his diary he said "I played the
game of life at a great crisis and I lost. I must be satisfied."<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
One can only wonder if his classmate ever harbored similar sentiments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #555555; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Twelve years after Robert E. Lee’s death and
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
1850 Census<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="ftn2" style="mso-element: footnote;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">R.E. Lee</i> by Douglas Southall Freeman
Pulitzer Prize Edition Volume 1 page 80; New York Charles Scribner’s Sons 1947<o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: #333333; font-size: 11.0pt;">Acton, Richard.
“Charles Mason”<i> The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa. </i>University of Iowa
Press, 2009. Web 14 April 2017. </span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><a href="http://uipress.lib.uiowa.edu/bdi/DetailsPage.aspx?id=253">http://uipress.lib.uiowa.edu/bdi/DetailsPage.aspx?id=253</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> At the start of the Civil War, there were ten
infantry regiments, five cavalry regiments, and four artillery regiments in the
regular army.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Remey graduated fourth in his class.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At
17 years of age, he was also the youngest graduate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7;" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> The Biographical Dictionary of Iowa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-54783315788155831152017-03-14T18:44:00.000-04:002017-03-14T21:55:59.232-04:00Samuel Benjamin's Medal of Honor<div style="text-align: left;">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVnZAm27GozzF0wFt-AGKtkKYF4o17zOgV-_txr-un8gEOpBO2NxaTE07lZibDCrFEbBg_H6JKtXRciSPPr8NFe0skX4S1i7z_xS_xhCkYhk_4bHJA_FTqqOAiDJR59Ow_EV94WpLcsCqJ/s1600/1899+Samuel+Benjamin_closeup.tif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVnZAm27GozzF0wFt-AGKtkKYF4o17zOgV-_txr-un8gEOpBO2NxaTE07lZibDCrFEbBg_H6JKtXRciSPPr8NFe0skX4S1i7z_xS_xhCkYhk_4bHJA_FTqqOAiDJR59Ow_EV94WpLcsCqJ/s320/1899+Samuel+Benjamin_closeup.tif" width="272" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Samuel Benjamin USMA May 1861</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Samuel
Benjamin was one of the best young artillerists to come out of the Civil
War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Born in 1839 at Manhattan New York,
Benjamin received an appointment to West Point in 1855.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His father, attorney William Benjamin in making
the application to the Buchanan administration for his son’s appointment,
described his family as “Patriotic and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Democratic</i>”
with a proud military heritage. Samuel’s grandfather Colonel Aaron Benjamin
served in the Connecticut line under George Washington and participated in all
of the early battles of the Revolution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>William
Benjamin described his son as “exceedingly anxious to obtain the appointment [who]
has from his earliest childhood set his head upon the Military profession.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Benjamin ranked number 12 out of 45 in his
class but his near-sightedness almost kept him out of the Army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He served his first year in the army on probation for
defective vision but it obviously had no impact on his ability to accurately
deliver ordnance on to the enemy. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Benjamin
graduated on May 6, 1861. Half of the graduates were appointed
into the artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was due to the
great demands for artillery officers caused by the expansion of the regular
army and loss of many artillery officers due to resignation, or appointment to higher-ranking
staff and volunteer positions. Benjamin himself was commissioned into the 2<sup>nd</sup>
U.S. Artillery, home of such legendary gunners as Henry Hunt, William Barry,
and John Tidball.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dispatched immediately
to Washington D.C. Benjamin and the other new artillery officers were immediately
assigned to artillery companies wherever there was a need without regard to
their actual regimental commissions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
Benjamin’s case, he found himself with Company G, 1<sup>st</sup> U.S. Artillery then
commanded by Lieutenant John Edwards, 3<sup>rd</sup> U.S. Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The battery fought at First Manassas where the
new lieutenant came under the critical eye of Henry Hunt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the battle Hunt’s battery for a time was
situated next to Benjamin’s guns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
proclaimed himself “</span><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 10.0pt;">impressed with the slowness and consequent destructive
accuracy of his [Benjamin’s] shell practice. </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hunt could see that this </span><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 10.0pt;">youngster who
was 21 at the time and “fresh from West Point, was a born artillerist.” Part of
Benjamin’s success was that he took the time to carefully examine each and
every shell and fuse for proper assembly and quality.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This undoubtedly slowed down the firing rate,
but certainly assured the highest possible reliability of the ordnance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-size: 10.0pt;">By November Benjamin was in his
proper regimental assignment - Company E, 2<sup>nd</sup> U.S. Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Right before the war this company under
Captain Arnold Elzey guarded the Federal arsenal at Augusta Georgia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
February of 1861 when Georgia secessionists forced its withdrawal, Elzey
brought the company to Washington D.C. where he promptly resigned. He and the company's senior lieutenant Armistead Long soon headed south.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Long was the son in law of Union Brigadier General Edwin Sumner. </span>When Benjamin reported in, the company was
under the command of Maine born Josiah Carlisle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Carlisle also a West Pointer was 16-year
veteran who saw combat service at the siege of Vera Cruz during the Mexican
War. During the 1850s he served in Florida and other frontier assignments
ending the decade at the Artillery School at Fort Monroe.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Carlisle’s company served briefly at Harpers
Ferry after Robert E. Lee and the Marines recaptured the arsenal from John
Brown’s incursion.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He had been a company
commander since 1857. Benjamin benefitted from serving under this highly
regarded officer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-size: 10.0pt;">The Army of the Potomac's Chief
of Artillery William Barry initially assigned Carlisle’s battery to Fitz-John
Porter’s division.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Carlisle and Porter
were West Point classmates. Soon after, Henry Hunt incorporated the battery
along with much of the other regular artillery establishment into his Artillery
Reserve. Carlisle moved up to command one of the Reserve’s artillery brigades
leaving Benjamin in day-to-day command of Company “E”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-size: 10.0pt;">Benjamin had a fine group of
artillery soldiers to work with.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sergeant
John Kaiser was the “old man” in the company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Born in 1825 at Herzogenaurach Germany, Kaiser had been with the unit off
and on since 1846. Sergeant Joseph Keeffe enlisted in the Army in 1853.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Born in Tipperary Ireland, Keeffe was 30
years old at the start of the Civil War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>On his second enlistment, Keeffe had served with the company for his
entire career. A number of excellent men joined the company while it was
stationed at Fort Leavenworth in the late 1850s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This post was one of the Army’s artillery schools
of practice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Six artillery companies
(five from the 2<sup>nd</sup> Artillery) were stationed there at the time<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>. These new soldiers
benefitted from rigorous artillery drill conducted at the post.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>William Marshall from Limerick Ireland was 21
when he enlisted in May of 1859.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Andrew
Eitelmann from Bavaria was also 21 when he joined the army a year later on May
7, 1860. Apparently the frequent practice at Fort Leavenworth paid off for the young
Bavarian was considered an exceptional gunner and known for “some very fine
shots.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Albert Carew signed up the same
day as Eitelmann and they were likely friends.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The Rochester born soldier was the son of Scottish parents and was 17
years old when he enlisted.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both
Lieutenant Benjamin and Sergeant Keeffe remembered Carew as an excellent
soldier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Eichel also enlisted in
the company while it was at Fort Leavenworth that summer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eichel was a big fellow nearly six foot
tall.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was originally from Saxe
Meinengen and at 29 years old was much older than many of the other recruits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was a farmer before joining up.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Benjamin called Eichel “gallant” and always a
good and faithful soldier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Among an
infusion of 59 new recruits who joined the company after the firing at Fort
Sumter was John Buch.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Buch enlisted in
June 1861 when the company was already in Washington D.C.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Born in Lebanon Pennsylvania, Buch was 21
years old as the Civil War began.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-size: 10.0pt;">Benjamin and the sergeants drilled
the new recruits continuously on their 20-pound Parrott rifles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Most batteries in the Army of the Potomac
were issued either the light 12-pound Napoleons, 10-pound Parrots or 3 inch
Ordnance Rifles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While they packed an
extra punch, the 20 pounders were more unwieldy and difficult to move
around.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Company “E” and its big guns
under their young lieutenant soon earned a reputation as one of the crack
artillery units of the Army of the Potomac.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-size: 10.0pt;">A number of officers passed through
the company during its formative stages but they moved on to other assignments
due either to transfer or promotion.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The army was notoriously slow in keeping the
officer ranks up to authorized levels.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Two brand new officers finally joined the company after it was shipped
to the Peninsula.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On May 16, 1862
William Graves reported in.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graves' family were wealthy and influential members of society in Louisville
Kentucky.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His father was Congressman
William Graves who died when the boy was very young.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When appointed, the younger Graves was
studying engineering. Though a quick study, Graves who was 22 years old needed
to be brought up to speed quickly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He served
with the company during the Seven Days and was recognized for “gallantry and
fortitude.” The other new lieutenant was James Lord also 22 years old from
Honesdale Pennsylvania.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lord graduated
from West Point on June 17, 1862 and was immediately ordered to Virginia.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was attached to Company “E” in early July
after the Seven Days fighting and served at Second Manassas and Antietam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Benjamin was two years ahead of Lord at West
Point and was undoubtedly acquainted with him.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-size: 10.0pt;">On June 10<sup>th</sup> 1862 as the
Army of the Potomac advanced down the peninsula toward Richmond, Benjamin was
kicked by a horse and severely injured his right knee.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Despite the advice of surgeons, h</span>e refused to go to the rear. Benjamin advanced
toward the Chickahominy lying flat on his back in the back of a wagon. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #505050; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="color: #505050; font-size: 10.0pt;">The battery saw its first major
action on June 25<sup>th</sup> and for the next week was engaged in heavy
fighting as the Army of the Potomac slowly fought its way back to the James
River. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Company “E” fired over 800 rounds
in the course of these actions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the
27<sup>th</sup> Benjamin, was </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">still disabled and unable to stand without crutches.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A</span><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 10.0pt;">fter his own battery withdrew,
Benjamin </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">remained
with the battery commanded by his West Point classmate Adelbert Ames. He helped
direct and encourage Ames’ men until the firing ceased at nightfall. Benjamin’s
actions that day again caught the eye of Henry Hunt.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was Benjamin’s actions on the
Peninsula that were the basis for his Medal of Honor award.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Henry Hunt initiated the nomination process
in May 1877.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was not until then that
Hunt even knew of the existence of the 1863 law authorizing the Medal of
Honor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As he says “</span><span style="color: #353535; font-family: "applesystemuifont"; font-size: 10.0pt;">as chief of artillery of the Army of the
Potomac at the time, I now make the recommendation I would have made at the
close of the war had I then been called upon to do so or had I known of the
existence of the law.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hunt’s letter is
dated May 22, 1877.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Benjamin’s
Medal of Honor file contains the following citations about the young officer’s
service:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOa2mycs3A_mi7agjyIy3ZFUNegN6a-3UphnI9IJsL9PcLfhYai0EgQm9YJ9A4O6mqPAkZhHMxNu5fPsVKfNoT6D48JGqbF_6jedwsHOJJi0H0oVjAwhbWrpufgtSQzvgjPahVVxDT755K/s1600/Ames+Adelbert.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOa2mycs3A_mi7agjyIy3ZFUNegN6a-3UphnI9IJsL9PcLfhYai0EgQm9YJ9A4O6mqPAkZhHMxNu5fPsVKfNoT6D48JGqbF_6jedwsHOJJi0H0oVjAwhbWrpufgtSQzvgjPahVVxDT755K/s200/Ames+Adelbert.jpg" width="121" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Adelbert Ames</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</span>Lieutenant Adelbert Ames was
Benjamin’s classmate at West Point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ames
was also awarded a Medal of Honor for his bravery at First Bull Run.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the Seven Days, Ames commanded Battery A, 5th
U.S. Artillery.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Regarding Benjamin’s service with him, Ames reports that <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“My officers, First Lieut. W. D. Fuller, Third Artillery, and Second
Lieuts. J. Gilliss and George W. Crabb, Fifth Artillery, conducted themselves
most creditably. I consider it my duty to call your attention to the gallant
conduct of First Lieut. S. N. Benjamin, Second Artillery. Although lame and
obliged to use crutches he remained on the field after his own battery had
retired, and greatly assisted me in the second cannonading.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[vii]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Captain Josiah Carlisle commanding
officer of Company “E” 2<sup>nd</sup> reports:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“With the battery I had First
Lieut. Samuel N. Benjamin, Second Artillery; Second Lieut. W. P. Graves, Second
Artillery, and Second Lieut. J. P. Denike, Fifth New York Independent Battery
(temporarily attached), who during all of this time conducted themselves with
gallantry and fortitude. Lieutenant Benjamin deserves very particular
mention.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As he has served much under
your own immediate observation, it is unnecessary for me to recount his valor
and untiring energy from the day the battery left Washington, and in the
affairs of the last week he was always present with the battery, directing and
encouraging the men, although so entirely disabled as to be unable to stand
without crutches, and could only be carried on a gun-carriage. I would
respectfully request that the particular attention of the general commanding be
called to his service.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[viii]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lieutenant Colonel George Getty commanded the 2<sup>nd</sup>
Brigade of the Artillery Reserve:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">“In this connection I respectfully call your
attention to the gallant conduct of First Lieut. Samuel N. Benjamin, of
Carlisle's battery, on the afternoon of the 27<sup>th</sup> June 1862. Although
disabled and unable to stand without crutches, he remained with Lieutenant
Ames' battery after his own had been withdrawn, and directed and encouraged the
men until the firing ceased. He remained with the battery until it was
withdrawn, after nightfall.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[ix]</span></b></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Ac4Pqx7i9kxdYb2N8SQgzwOXUGxnw1NMcIxVbDCmc726QqYQ9IA4NLTOp0aUG0Rk-PNrBsHEZKj4WrPHabAGcrlZI6PDrCjDwP9bDQfgeVl5P_dHMZDYGex6J6OOxhyphenhyphenL6l54QKSczdbj/s1600/US-MOH-1862.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-Ac4Pqx7i9kxdYb2N8SQgzwOXUGxnw1NMcIxVbDCmc726QqYQ9IA4NLTOp0aUG0Rk-PNrBsHEZKj4WrPHabAGcrlZI6PDrCjDwP9bDQfgeVl5P_dHMZDYGex6J6OOxhyphenhyphenL6l54QKSczdbj/s200/US-MOH-1862.png" width="97" /></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In concluding his MOH application, Hunt
briefly mentions Benjamin’s service at Antietam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <i> </i></span><i>“</i></span><span style="color: #353535; font-family: "applesystemuifont"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><i>At the battle of Antietam September 1862 he so distinguished
himself by the admirable handling and service of his battery that at a
subsequent review of his corps on the field of battle President Lincoln had him
called to the front and publicly thanked him for his conduct on that occasion.”</i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It took only two weeks for the award to be
approved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On June 4, 1877 the Secretary
of War directed that a “ ’Medal of Honor’ be engraved for 1<sup>st</sup>
Lieutenant S.N. Benjamin.”</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Several of the Company E sergeants also
served gallantly in the Seven Days battles and were recognized in the official
reports.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sergeant Keeffe rendered “
invaluable service” and was recommended for a lieutenant’s commission by
Captain Carlisle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keeffe received an
appointment as a second lieutenant in the 5<sup>th</sup> Artillery on October
22, 1862. Another was Sergeant Kaiser.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Benjamin,
like Henry Hunt was unaware of the 1863 law authorizing the Medal of
Honor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After he received his Medal,
Benjamin in 1878 nominated First Sergeant John Kaiser for a Medal of Honor for gallantry
and meritorious service during the campaign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> This is Benjamin's recommendation dated March 11, 1878:</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<i>I have the honor to recommend that Sergeant John Kaiser, formally of Company E Second US Artillery, now an ordinance sergeant U.S. Army be awarded the medal of honor for gallant and meritorious service during the “Seven days Battles "in front of Richmond 1862.</i></div>
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<i>He especially distinguished himself on June 27th, 1862 by coolness and gallantry under a very warm fire. Acting as gunner as well as "chief of piece" his firing was very accurate and effective. A sponge staff was broken by a piece of shell close to his hand.</i></div>
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<i>The next day he and another chief of piece, with their caisson horses were sent (under an officer) to bring off two guns which had been abandoned by another battery and were in eminent danger of capture by the enemies infantry, there being then no one near them.</i></div>
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<i>He performed his share of this duty cooly and well; and the guns were saved. At the time, I was virtually in command of the battery – Captain Carlisle 2d Artillery Comdg (since dead) being in command of a brigade of artillery (4 batteries). </i></div>
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<i>I did not know until long after the war, that medals of honor were given.</i></div>
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<i>Sergeant Kaiser also behaved with gallantry and skill at Malvern Hill, Groveton, 2d Bull Run, Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam and other engagements. </i></div>
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<br /></div>
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[signed] Samuel N. Benjamin Major, Assistant Adjutant General</div>
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<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EPILOGUE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">By
the end of July, Josiah Carlisle’s health, which was never good, broke down completely.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn10" name="_ednref10" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> On
August 3, 1862 Lieutenant Benjamin relieved him of command of Company “E”. Six days later the company began its
withdrawal from the Peninsula and </span><span style="color: #353535; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">arrived at Falmouth Virginia on August 12. It was assigned to General Isaac Stevens’
division of the new Ninth Corps. Benjamin
was thereafter associated with that corps for the remainder of his active
service during the war. He greatly
distinguished himself at Second Manassas, Antietam and Fredericksburg before
the Ninth Corps headed west with Ambrose Burnside. Benjamin fought at such places as Vicksburg
Mississippi and Knoxville Tennessee before heading back to Virginia in time to
participate in the Overland Campaign in 1864.
He was severely wounded at Spotsylvania there ending his active
frontline service. In 1864 he was
promoted to captain and served in the 2<sup>nd</sup> Artillery until 1875. In
that year he was appointed a major in the Adjutant General corps. Benjamin died suddenly on May 15, 1886 at the
young age of 47 of chronic rheumatism.
He left behind his wife Julia, daughter of Congressman Hamilton Fish and
four young children, a daughter and three sons (including a pair of twin boys.) His son Julian (1877-1953) a graduate of the West
Point class of 1900 was </span><span style="color: #262626; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">awarded the Silver Star for gallantry in action while serving with the
306th Infantry, 77th Division, American Expeditionary Forces, in France during
World War I. The proclivity for
gallantry had been passed to another generation of the Benjamin family.</span>
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<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="color: #292622; font-size: 10.0pt;">U.S.
Military Academy Cadet Application Papers, 1805-1866; (National Archives
Microfilm Publication M688, 1 roll); Records of the Adjutant General’s Office,
1780’s-1917, Record Group 94; National Archives, Washington, D.C.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">1856 File 24</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Mary Sergent</span>, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">They Lie Forgotten The United States
Military Academy 1856 – 1861 </span></i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">(Middletown
NY, 1986), 121 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> At Fort Leavenworth were William Barry’s Light
Company A, Arnold Elzey’s Company E, James Totten’s Company F, Horace Brooks
Company H and Henry Hunt’s Light Company M.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>John Bankhead Magruder’s Light Company I, 1<sup>st</sup> Artillery was
also stationed there.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 10.0pt;">John Butler and William Dennison were the other
lieutenants who served with the company before it went to Peninsula.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also on the books was George Hartsuff who was
appointed a brigadier general U.S. Volunteers on April 15, 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hartsuff never served with the company.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Association of Graduates June 19 1886 Memorial to
Samuel Benjamin page 129<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Early in the war, only the 5<sup>th</sup> Artillery
units were officially designated as batteries.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The other four U.S. Artillery regiments still referred to their units as
companies. Referring to them all as batteries gradually became more prevalent as
the war progressed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> OR 11, pt. 2, 259; </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reports of Lieut. Adelbert Ames,
Battery A, Fifth U. S. Artillery, of action at Garnett’s Farm and battle of
Malvern Hill<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ibid, pt.2, 268; </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Report of Capt. J. Howard Carlisle<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span>,
Battery E, Second U. S. Artillery, and Fifth Brigade, Artillery Reserve, of
operations June 27-July 4, including the action at Garnett’s Farm, engagement
at Turkey Bridge, and battle of Malvern Hill<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn9" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="mso-endnote-id: edn9;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Ibid, pt. 2, 252; </span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Report of Lieut. Col. George W. Getty,
commanding Second Brigade, Artillery Reserve, of operations June 26-July 1.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn10" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="mso-endnote-id: edn10;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 10.0pt;">[x]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 10.0pt;"> Carlisle was </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;">retired
from active service for disability on November 4, 1863.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He died on December 16, 1866 at the age of
46.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-22439602085077828312017-01-29T16:59:00.000-05:002017-01-29T17:00:37.320-05:00The Little Things…<div class="MsoNormal">
It turns out that artillery companies leave a lot of stuff
on the battlefield after an engagement.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For most units, commanders report soldiers killed and wounded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
artillery companies they also report their losses of horses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This is logical as artillery horses are the
prime movers for an artillery battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>But the artillery even goes beyond that.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We get a good idea of the kinds of equipment
necessary to keep the artillery running from the reports of two Federal artillery
commanders at Antietam.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidEWQgu41dcWUVqupewemIwv9gDC06DiPwOI2tSEuy2yFdzX3j1mP7KoWFWVZbQ6raOIs9c6m0XH_WR2bLXNBujUfZW5qe902sSeE0UsohY6j-JG5XYbwCi4orkBBwvu-p0AsjTvk4uqoM/s1600/Graham+William+on+a+horse.tiff" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidEWQgu41dcWUVqupewemIwv9gDC06DiPwOI2tSEuy2yFdzX3j1mP7KoWFWVZbQ6raOIs9c6m0XH_WR2bLXNBujUfZW5qe902sSeE0UsohY6j-JG5XYbwCi4orkBBwvu-p0AsjTvk4uqoM/s320/Graham+William+on+a+horse.tiff" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Captain William Montrose Graham</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
William Graham had been a soldier for seven years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike most ante-bellum regular army
officers, he was not a West Point graduate.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There is some evidence that he applied to the Academy but for reasons
unknown to me never got the appointment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He certainly had an impeccable pedigree.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Both his father and uncle were graduates of the West Point Class of
1817.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His father James a noted explorer
and surveyor was a Major in the Topographical Engineers when his son received
his appointment as a lieutenant in the First Artillery in 1855.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His uncle William a hero of the Mexican War
fell while leading his regiment at Molino Del Rey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graham followed the typical career path of a
young officer in the pre-war army with duty at isolated posts in Florida and
Texas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>William Graham must have been a
very capable artillery officer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In October
1861 when William French<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>,
then captain of Light Company “K” was promoted to major, 27 year old William
Graham was appointed to this coveted command and promoted to captain. Light
Company K was one of the eight “light” artillery companies in the regular
military establishment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Selection for
promotion to command a light company was not based on seniority, but on merit. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
It says a lot for William Graham that he got the appointment<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #505050; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">On
September 17<sup>th</sup>, 1862, Graham’s company was attached to the Artillery
Reserve of the Army of the Potomac.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Around noon “K” was sent forward to support Israel Richardson’s Second
Corps’ division advancing on the Sunken Road.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In the severe fighting there, Graham lost four soldiers killed and five
wounded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seventeen horses were killed, and six wounded severely.</span><span style="color: #505050; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"> So hot was the fire that
General Richardson was mortally wounded by a shell fragment while standing in
the battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #505050; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">Graham’s
full report is in Henry Hunt’s papers at the Library of Congress.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It contains information on the materiel
losses of the battery that is not included in the report in OR 19:1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graham writes [in the full report] that “</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">My
loss in materiel was 192 rounds of ammunition expended, 2 trail hand spikes (1
broken), 5 wheel traces broken, 1 prolonge, 1 breech sight, 3 whips (drivers)
two sabers and belts, 4 sets lead harnesses (single), 5 halters and straps, 5
nose bags, 2 pair spurs and straps.”</span></i><span style="color: #505050; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
James “Jock” Stewart also followed an unlikely career path
to command of a light artillery company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>At the start of the Civil War, Stewart, a ten-year army veteran was
First Sergeant of Light Company B, 4<sup>th</sup> U.S. Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During his tenure, the immigrant from Leith
Scotland saw hard frontier service in Texas and Utah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“B” was another one of the “Elite 8.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> John
Gibbon who commanded the battery called Stewart “the best 1<sup>st</sup>
Sergeant I ever saw in the service.”<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Elevation of an enlisted man to commissioned
rank in the regular army was extremely rare before the Civil War.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Things had certainly changed by October 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The establishment of the new Fifth U.S.
Artillery Regiment created many new officer vacancies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additionally, the departure of many officers through
resignation, or promotion to higher ranking volunteer and staff positions added
many more openings. Due in some measure to Gibbon’s efforts, Stewart was
appointed a second lieutenant in Gibbon’s battery in November 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>About that time, Gibbon accepted a volunteer
commission to command a brigade of western soldiers. He was perhaps
instrumental in keeping his old battery attached to his new command in what
eventually became known first as the Black Hat Brigade, and later as the Iron
Brigade of the West.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The brigade was
part of Abner Doubleday’s division of Joseph Hooker’s First Corps during the
Maryland Campaign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It supported the
infantry attack down the Hagerstown Pike in the early stages of the
battle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Joseph Campbell a 24-year-old
graduate of the West Point Class of June 1861 who succeeded Gibbon was
seriously wounded at the height of the Confederate counterattack at the
Cornfield.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At 36 years of age, Stewart,
the old man of the company and last remaining officer assumed command.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He not
only led the company for the remainder of the battle but for virtually the rest
of the war.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Light Company “B” suffered some of the highest
casualties of any artillery unit in the Civil War. In addition to Captain
Campbell who never returned to active command, “B” lost nine soldiers killed,
and 30 wounded.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQhalpY74bcGG8uO1mbZWeZpZBt2Rj2z5pMa_QE26GTx99MH1wmsLTRQ59CbX8aZWCf2gK5SmvxrvRc9FvMqHACGTYeuHEcMxkafkV4oeQlduGdoxyikIB9qO1Dd-sSnIKjgZyfEnQFYbM/s1600/1864+Field+Arty+Tactics+Page.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQhalpY74bcGG8uO1mbZWeZpZBt2Rj2z5pMa_QE26GTx99MH1wmsLTRQ59CbX8aZWCf2gK5SmvxrvRc9FvMqHACGTYeuHEcMxkafkV4oeQlduGdoxyikIB9qO1Dd-sSnIKjgZyfEnQFYbM/s320/1864+Field+Arty+Tactics+Page.jpg" width="185" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A partial list of equipment</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As a former first sergeant, Stewart was used to keeping detailed
records.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unlike William Graham who
reported his losses on his official report, Stewart listed them in his monthly
return for September 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After
detailing the movements of the battery for the month and the losses of men and
horses, Stewart continues: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #505050; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma;">“All axle strips of battery more or less broken occasioned by
rapid firing and the uneven nature of the ground not having cannoneers
sufficient to run the guns to more favorable positions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One limber disabled by cannon shot; 24 horses
killed and 12 wounded; Required for use in the battery: 46 horses and 12 water
buckets, 2 tar buckets, 1 sponge bucket, 60 blankets 50 curry combs, 50 horse
brushes, 3 spare poles, 1 spare wheel and 6 to be exchanged; 6 picks and [illegible]
6 shovels, caisson, 4 hand spikes, trail, 4 sets lead harnesses, artillery, 2
near & 2 off; 15 wheel traces, 24 whips, 6 saddler's awls, and handlers, [illegible]
lbs. square and flat iron, 25 head stalls and 4 bridles.”</span></i><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
force of war knocks loose and breaks a lot of equipment. While the equipment listed
above does not seem that important, these implements together contribute to the
combat readiness of the company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of
these “little things” are needed for the care of the horses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> [The image from 1864 Field Artillery Tactics book lists some of this equipment.] </span>The rest are for servicing guns and ammunition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An artillery company could not function
without these seemingly little things. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In
addition to all the other duties that company officers and NCOs performed after
a battle, there was the lengthy painstaking inventory of lost, damaged and
destroyed equipment. The Quartermaster Department demanded a thorough
accounting of all equipment, big and little, before they would replace
anything.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graham and Stewart who were
very good at their jobs give us an interesting perspective on this aspect of an
artillery company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Throughout this article, I refer to artillery units
as companies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For the First through
Fourth Artillery at this time of the war, company was the term most frequently
used.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The term battery at this time
meant the horses and guns that are added to “mount” a foot artillery company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However in the new Fifth U.S. Artillery, the
units are referred to as batteries in their organizational orders.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the war progressed the term battery became
more frequently used even in the old legacy artillery companies. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> This is the same William French who under his volunteer commission as a brigadier general commanded a
Second Corps division in the Sunken Road at Antietam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> General Order Number 12, March 1, 1849: Vacancies
occurring in Companies of Artillery designated by the President to be organized
and equipped as Light Artillery, will be filled by selection.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If the vacancy happens to be in the grade of
Captain, it will be filled by order of the Secretary of War, on the
recommendation of the Colonel, who will name the Captain best qualified for the
service.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> In 1860, the eight light artilleries in the regular
army were Light Companies I and K of the First Artillery, A and M of the Second
Artillery, C and E of the Third Artillery, and B and G of the Fourth
Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In these eight companies,
selection for command was based on merit and not seniority.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Selection for command in all other the other
40 (foot) artillery companies was based on seniority.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Personal
Recollections of the Civil War by John Gibbon</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span></i><span style="color: #505050; font-size: 11.0pt;"> New York:
G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1928 page 13</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> In December 1860 only eight of 219 serving artillery
officers (under 4%) were former non-commissioned officers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Two years later 29 officers were former
sergeants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 11.0pt;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 11.0pt;"> Stewart remained in command of Light Company B until
December 1864 when he was promoted to First Lieutenant and transferred to
Company A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He replaced Alonzo Cushing in
that company who was killed at Gettysburg.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
</div>
Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-40875606298758045882016-12-27T22:37:00.001-05:002016-12-28T09:19:20.470-05:00“Well gentlemen, I guess they have our range” <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCZv4aBmBWlFj__RB1T5oNRgckoS4vitNuW0fq-0wsDNhLAu7xQ-X_hORiUR4fPx1RHPcRvOiphXO_mfwG6CK9ak6QaT37A55u7zIJC8ooEgSSM0mdsv40iaeZqtYbP7tH2hXdjgusLImr/s1600/Calef_John_Haskell.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCZv4aBmBWlFj__RB1T5oNRgckoS4vitNuW0fq-0wsDNhLAu7xQ-X_hORiUR4fPx1RHPcRvOiphXO_mfwG6CK9ak6QaT37A55u7zIJC8ooEgSSM0mdsv40iaeZqtYbP7tH2hXdjgusLImr/s200/Calef_John_Haskell.jpg" width="132" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Calef</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #353535; mso-bidi-font-family: AppleSystemUIFont;">We remember John Calef as the young commander of Light Company
A, 2<sup>nd</sup> U.S. Artillery<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="color: #353535; font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> who was attached to
General John Buford’s cavalry division on the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Calef’s guns were the first Union artillery
to be engaged at the battle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Buford
spoke highly of the young lieutenant’s actions that day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #353535; mso-bidi-font-family: AppleSystemUIFont;">Calef however began his career with Company K, 5<sup>th</sup>
U.S. Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A graduate of the West
Point class of 1862, the young 21 year old from Gloucester Massachusetts was immediately
was thrown into combat on the Peninsula and at Second Manassas. At the latter
place, he saw his battery commander, Captain John Smead struck on the head by a
cannon ball and instantly killed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At
Antietam, Battery K was now under the command of Lieutenant William Van Reed. Forty-six
years after the battle, John Calef recounted his recollections of the battle in
a letter to the Joint Military Service Institute of the United States: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #353535;"><i>“This (September
17, 1906) is forty-third anniversary of Antietam and how well I recall every
event of that day. Just at this hour 10 AM Captain ‘Steve’ Weed, Randol and I
walked up to the top of the hill under, or behind which our batteries were
parked awaiting orders. From this point we saw the Irish brigade ‘go in’ in two
beautiful lines, the National and Irish colors side-by-side. The sun was at
just the right height to bring out strongly the green of Erin as well as the
red of the ‘Old Glory,’ and when the front line reached the danger zone we saw
the colors go down again and again, but instantly caught up, showing that at
each fall color bearer was left behind killed or wounded. Twas a thrilling site
and so absorbed were we watching the progress of the battle that we were
insensible of the fact that we had become the target off a battery opposite to
us. Rifle projectiles had been promiscuous all the morning, and it was only when a shot plowed up the turf under Weed’s left foot that he remarked in his quiet
way ‘Well gentlemen, I guess they have our range close enough, we had better
return to our batteries where we belong.’ But it was reserved for a
sharpshooter at Devils Den to take the life of one of the bravest of soldiers.“ </i>[Joint Military Service Institute of the United States Volume 41, page 276]<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #353535; mso-bidi-font-family: AppleSystemUIFont;">Calef, Weed and Randol were assigned to three different regular
army artillery batteries that were attached to George Sykes Second Division of
the Fifth Corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Captain Stephen Weed
commanded Battery I, 5<sup>th</sup> U.S. Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>First Lieutenant Alanson Randol was in
command of Company E&G, 1<sup>st</sup> U.S. Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Calef as we have seen was with Battery K, 5<sup>th</sup>
U.S. Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All were graduates of
the Military Academy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgItzSqdzoCqAEYltyFUnfI6u2uXYwtv3Gc8q9-zvx-_7-5k0Fge_xh3v3ZRdiXj0Ym6FNKi0_x9ntW1OFglICnv34Ksspwp2hVD7j1_FXTTX3Wwc7Wwd4L4atdZdZyNaryFkOmg6q-D-Bb/s1600/Weed+Stephen+closeup.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgItzSqdzoCqAEYltyFUnfI6u2uXYwtv3Gc8q9-zvx-_7-5k0Fge_xh3v3ZRdiXj0Ym6FNKi0_x9ntW1OFglICnv34Ksspwp2hVD7j1_FXTTX3Wwc7Wwd4L4atdZdZyNaryFkOmg6q-D-Bb/s1600/Weed+Stephen+closeup.gif" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Stephen Weed</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #353535; mso-bidi-font-family: AppleSystemUIFont;">Of the three, Weed was the senior officer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Born at Potsdam New York, Weed graduated from
West Point in 1854 and </span>was
commissioned in the 4<sup>th</sup> U.S. Artillery. The Fourth at the time was
employed largely as part of the frontier constabulary. Weed fought with
his company in the Third Seminole War, and helped quell the Kansas
disturbances. He was part of the expedition to Utah serving with John Gibbon’s
Light Company B, 4<sup>th</sup> U.S. Artillery and along the way was engaged in
skirmishes against the Indians. A First Lieutenant since November 16,
1856, he was assigned with Company K, 4th Artillery at Fort Ridgely Minnesota at the start of
the Civil War. In May of 1861, Lieutenant Weed, now 29 years old
received a coveted battery command and promotion to captain in the new Fifth
Artillery Regiment. Battery I and its commander fought with Fitz-John Porter’s
Fifth Corps on the Peninsula, and at Second Manassas before the Maryland
Campaign. <span style="color: #353535; mso-bidi-font-family: AppleSystemUIFont;">Weed furthered his already solid reputation as a skilled artillerist.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While impossible to prove definitively, there
is much evidence that during the Battle of Antietam, Weed aimed and fired a
round of solid shot at a group of Confederate officers that included Robert E.
Lee, James Longstreet and D.H. Hill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Hill apparently ignored suggestions from Longstreet to dismount and
reduce the likelihood of becoming a target.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Longstreet’s warning to Hill as he spotted the puff of smoke from the Federal
battery across the creek and the outcome of the shot are reported <a href="http://southfromthenorthwoods.blogspot.com/2013/11/a-remarkable-artillerist.html" target="_blank">here</a>. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtV7Vmjhhz0wIqNqtkc1Im5FD3NEraLwksIdpWEoKH8QWSIF5AjBi-d0CIdElTxeXe-PHuK4Z5riUCYm5OUy0b1jgH_d4uQYHEVSufz1TpUevKkNqIErflbb8-e9oXRXwfwZ-gf5mCuC6w/s1600/Randol+Alanson+Merwin+Closeup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtV7Vmjhhz0wIqNqtkc1Im5FD3NEraLwksIdpWEoKH8QWSIF5AjBi-d0CIdElTxeXe-PHuK4Z5riUCYm5OUy0b1jgH_d4uQYHEVSufz1TpUevKkNqIErflbb8-e9oXRXwfwZ-gf5mCuC6w/s1600/Randol+Alanson+Merwin+Closeup.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alanson Randol</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #353535; mso-bidi-font-family: AppleSystemUIFont;">The other officer was First Lieutenant Alanson Randol of Company
E, 1<sup>st</sup> U.S. Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Born
in Newburgh New York, Randol graduated from West Point in 1860. He probably
knew John Calef as a cadet there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Randol’s
first duty station after graduation was as an ordnance officer at Benicia depot
near San Francisco California.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the
start of the war, Randol was organizing John Fremont’s artillery in Missouri.
In command of a battery of the 1<sup>st</sup> Missouri Light Artillery, Randol nevertheless
sought service with a regular battery in the east.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His requests were eventually approved and on
New Years Day 1862, Randol assumed command of Company E, 1<sup>st</sup> U.S.
Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In his writings, Randol was
very conscious of the honor of serving with this company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abner Doubleday commanded Company E at Fort
Sumter at the beginning of the war. In February because of manpower shortages
in the regular batteries, “E” was combined with Company G, 1<sup>st</sup> U.S.
Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They would remain together
for the rest of the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Randol lead his
new command to the Peninsula. On June 30<sup>th</sup> at the bloody battle of
Gaines Mill, Randol’s battery was attached to George Meade’s brigade of the
Pennsylvania Reserves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the climax of
that battle, Robert E. Lee threw more and more regiments in. Randol’s guns held
off repeated charges of Confederate infantry until Union infantry supports
scattered.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Meade fell wounded nearby as
Rebel soldiers surged over top of the battery. In desperation, Randol led
repeated desperate charges to regain his guns but they were lost.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With his battery shattered and his men
temporarily assigned to other units, Randol assisted Henry Hunt in deploying
the Federal artillery at Malvern Hill.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In early July, a Court of Inquiry cleared Randol after hearing testimony
from Meade and others attesting to the young gunner’s ability and bravery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His battery was reconstituted and attached to
Sykes’ division. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Randol and Battery E were
present at Second Manassas.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At 24 years
of age, Alanson Randol had seen his share of bloody fighting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKcbMLiGHYuOUruE08O41gjOyi3XC1eVSwF8T2rEw3lLL7wKvPZJNJ6rLHg1KsvreCNjp9d_SuAdXOBdSRdU2JgQXRStOS3yfdN7jfyNDDx2WN57SyygAIK-Kj1Tbi4CqTQx6M9PPKGsC0/s1600/Untitled.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKcbMLiGHYuOUruE08O41gjOyi3XC1eVSwF8T2rEw3lLL7wKvPZJNJ6rLHg1KsvreCNjp9d_SuAdXOBdSRdU2JgQXRStOS3yfdN7jfyNDDx2WN57SyygAIK-Kj1Tbi4CqTQx6M9PPKGsC0/s400/Untitled.jpeg" width="303" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #353535; mso-bidi-font-family: AppleSystemUIFont;">At 10:30 (see map) it is likely that Weed’s battery was already in
action.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They may have already targeted
that small group of Confederate officers on the bluffs east of the creek.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Possibly Randol and Calef, whose batteries
were further back at the time walked forward to observe the fighting somewhere
near Weed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #353535; mso-bidi-font-family: AppleSystemUIFont;">Calef’s account of the attack by Meaghers Irish Brigade against
the Sunken Road is particularly moving:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">From this point we saw the Irish brigade ‘go
in’ in two beautiful lines, the National and Irish colors side-by-side. The sun
was at just the right height to bring out strongly the green of Erin as well as
the red of the ‘Old Glory,’ and when the front line reached the danger zone we
saw the colors go down again and again, but instantly caught up, showing that at
each fall color bearer was left behind killed or wounded.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
So engrossed were the three officers that they did not
realize that Confederate guns had gotten their range.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Whether the officers were standing near
Weed’s battery is not clear.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In any
event when a shell landed near Weed’s feet, it was time to remove to a safer
location.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #353535; mso-bidi-font-family: AppleSystemUIFont;">‘Well
gentlemen, I guess they have our range close enough, we had better return to
our batteries where we belong.’<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #353535; mso-bidi-font-family: AppleSystemUIFont;">Weed’s battery continued to good service for the remainder of
the day.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Randol and Van Reed’s batteries
would cross the Middle Bridge later in the day. Pleasanton’s horse
artillery batteries crossed the Antietam with parts of the cavalry division around noon. As they began running low on ammunition, other batteries including Randol and Van Reed replaced them east of the creek. All would eventually be withdrawn back
across the creek later in the afternoon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #353535; mso-bidi-font-family: AppleSystemUIFont;">‘Steve’ Weed had nine months to live.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He continued win acclaim and demonstrate
great ability leading federal artillery at Fredericksburg and
Chancellorsville.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On June 6, 1863 Weed
was appointed brigadier general and received command of an infantry brigade in the Fifth Corps.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On
Little Round Top, a Confederate sharpshooter would take the life of this most
promising officer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #353535; mso-bidi-font-family: AppleSystemUIFont;">Alanson Randol also eventually left the artillery. In December
1864 he accepted a volunteer commission as Colonel of the 2<sup>nd</sup> New
York Cavalry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Randol fought with Phil
Sheridan for the remainder of the war eventually receiving brevet promotion to
brigadier general.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Randol survived the
war and returned to his regular army rank of captain where he remained for the
next seventeen years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Promoted to Major
in the 1<sup>st</sup> Artillery in 1882, Randol died of Bright’s disease six
years later at his post in California.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
was 50 years old.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #353535; mso-bidi-font-family: AppleSystemUIFont;">Unlike Weed and Randol, John Calef remained with the artillery
for the rest of his career. He won two brevets during the war for gallantry
including one for his role at Gettysburg, Promoted to first lieutenant in 1863
it took thirteen additional years to reach the rank of captain and 21
additional years after that to make major.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He spent many years at the Artillery School and with his mentor John
Tidball established a reputation as a military scholar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1900, a month before his retirement, John
Calef was promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 3<sup>rd</sup> Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>John Calef died on January 12, 1912 at the
age of 70.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="color: #353535; mso-bidi-font-family: AppleSystemUIFont;">Here are three young artillery officers who were the epitome
of that particular breed. Indispensible to the war effort, they fought and
often died with little recognition or acclaim.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div style="mso-element: endnote-list;">
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<br />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> <span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Throughout this article, I will refer to the artillery
units in the terminology used during the Civil War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the start of the war, the four artillery
regiments were organized with twelve companies each.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ten of the twelve were “foot” artillery
companies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They manned the seacoast
fortifications and frontier posts but did not have guns or horses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The other two companies in each regiment’s were
mounted with a battery of guns and horses. They were the elite Light Companies.
Light Company A was one of these companies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These companies tended to keep the title of “light company” long into
the war.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After most of the other ten companies in each regiment were mounted early in the war, they were still referred to as just artillery
companies.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Everything was different in
the brand new Fifth Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the
congressional statute organizing the Fifth Artillery, its company-size organizations were called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">batteries</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus when I refer to units of the Fifth
Artillery, they are known as Battery I, Fifth Artillery for example.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the war dragged on the distinction between
artillery companies and artillery batteries began to blur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the end of the war, most units had adopted
the term battery when referring to themselves in reports and monthly
returns.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this article, I will use the
earlier terminology for the different units.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-15637177634655043272016-05-08T10:37:00.000-04:002016-05-08T10:37:01.995-04:00What happened to the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, Twelfth Corps at Antietam?<br /><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw-KxINotkycnwqlHw6As4DsFCS2R3-q0KFBrCE02ubrHgEcDPLtwa_3zghicJCNoSesDANvwMbcmeb4yXQR7LOrRM8k-Kz7N7F-q7UnbA-kWfG4Sirh0UNwos-UINkj_3AIi_BA_TOW0R/s1600/Williams+Alpheus+closeup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhw-KxINotkycnwqlHw6As4DsFCS2R3-q0KFBrCE02ubrHgEcDPLtwa_3zghicJCNoSesDANvwMbcmeb4yXQR7LOrRM8k-Kz7N7F-q7UnbA-kWfG4Sirh0UNwos-UINkj_3AIi_BA_TOW0R/s200/Williams+Alpheus+closeup.jpg" width="169" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Alpheus Williams</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Occasionally we are asked why Alpheus William’s division at
Antietam did not have a Second Brigade. A look at the order of battle indeed
shows that there was a First Brigade commanded by Samuel Crawford, and a Third
Brigade commanded by George Gordon. While the four Ninth Corps divisions at
Antietam were also two brigade organizations, the normal divisional
organization in the Army of the Potomac was a three-brigade structure. Is there
a typo on the order of battle?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Is the
Third Brigade actually the second brigade of the division?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If not, is the Second Brigade detached and
serving elsewhere. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
When George McClellan began his organization of the Army of
the Potomac in August 1861, Major General Nathanial Banks commanded one of the
divisions in that nascent army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
division is the direct ancestor Alpheus Williams division, the organization
that pushed down the Smoketown Road 13 months later.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the beginning, Banks’ division had four
brigades:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
First Brigade commanded by Alpheus
Williams<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
Second Brigade commanded by John J.
Abercrombie (USMA 1822)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
Third Brigade commanded by George
Gordon (USMA 1846)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
Geary’s Separate Brigade commanded
by John Geary<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjib46DZsRLHKzNs-W0KR83FPOTAJoZyjfFfSeF8F2Xt9WDuGFheRFuagIa-zvTKC8PtYOEo3QgYScHfzwIoGTzOO3-KYENAY9ntDtTgmgtK8sBgqMxa5x9jKbq82BLH9L-OwH2cjCppZaG/s1600/Banks+Nathaniel+Prentiss+hat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjib46DZsRLHKzNs-W0KR83FPOTAJoZyjfFfSeF8F2Xt9WDuGFheRFuagIa-zvTKC8PtYOEo3QgYScHfzwIoGTzOO3-KYENAY9ntDtTgmgtK8sBgqMxa5x9jKbq82BLH9L-OwH2cjCppZaG/s200/Banks+Nathaniel+Prentiss+hat.jpg" width="125" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Nathaniel Banks</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Bank’s division was stationed in Western Maryland. It was
destined to play a major role the campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley through
the summer of 1862. In March of 1862 when President Lincoln imposed a corps
level organization on McClellan’s army, Banks was elevated to command of the
Fifth Corps.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a> When
he moved up to corps command, Alpheus Williams assumed command of his
division.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dudley Donnelly, commander of
the 28<sup>th</sup> New York Infantry replaced Williams in command of the First
Brigade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>James Shields commanded the
second division of Bank’s corps. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The original Fifth Corps would last but three weeks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On April 4, 1862 it was discontinued and
resurrected as the Department of the Shenandoah remaining under the command of
Banks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Williams and Shields continued to
command the department’s two divisions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJv87Gh0TSTbVEraaT7CyrPL9bRXuxjK-OyytYY1TqEW-B_TUkPezO29M-jt7SvlJZk8rrWM1L58HBqcFdRL2Jcd4PchkDtV_zfUPcnukbp4mj0Quz0jKy-lThSQk9ydkOrRxVPwLFH15m/s1600/Hartsuff+George+Closeup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJv87Gh0TSTbVEraaT7CyrPL9bRXuxjK-OyytYY1TqEW-B_TUkPezO29M-jt7SvlJZk8rrWM1L58HBqcFdRL2Jcd4PchkDtV_zfUPcnukbp4mj0Quz0jKy-lThSQk9ydkOrRxVPwLFH15m/s200/Hartsuff+George+Closeup.jpg" width="192" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">George Hartsuff</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This is where it gets a bit complicated.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On April 10, 1862 George Hartsuff (USMA 1852)
replaced James Abercrombie in command of the Second Brigade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The brigade was transferred to the Department
of the Rappahannock on May 10<sup>th</sup>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>On May 25<sup>th</sup>, John Geary’s brigade (less Geary) was
transferred to the Washington defenses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>A new brigade was created for him on June 6, 1862 consisting of the 5<sup>th</sup>,
7<sup>th</sup>, 29<sup>th</sup> and 66<sup>th</sup> Ohio Infantry
Regiments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For five weeks, this brigade
continued in Alpheus Williams’ division as the Second Brigade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During this period (May 27<sup>th</sup>),
Donnelly turned over command of the First Brigade of William’s division to
Samuel Crawford.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
But it’s not over.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On
July 16<sup>th</sup>, Geary’s Brigade was transferred to Christopher Auger’s
(formerly Shields’) division.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For a
second time, William’s division was without a second brigade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would remain this way through the Maryland
Campaign.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Two brigades could therefore lay claim to being Alpheus
Williams “<i>lost</i>” second brigade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both
fought at Antietam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first one as we
have seen, is the brigade of George Hartsuff.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>It was a charter member of Nathaniel Banks division lead first by James
Abercrombie and eventually commanded by Hartsuff.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At Antietam, it belonged to James Rickett’s
division and fought in the Cornfield.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCHg9o5q7J3j67njXTSUjDRtzNY6qjiUKm-LUvfCanKCSCMWX43nk3d_kEn0MH7e3vp9SIeotNDAW2XuG5eIzV1YR-T6sGDemv_oOuORdcpa4WSptfVFxssFSGkba2N8MBocWxG6kUytMw/s1600/Tyndale+Hector.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCHg9o5q7J3j67njXTSUjDRtzNY6qjiUKm-LUvfCanKCSCMWX43nk3d_kEn0MH7e3vp9SIeotNDAW2XuG5eIzV1YR-T6sGDemv_oOuORdcpa4WSptfVFxssFSGkba2N8MBocWxG6kUytMw/s200/Tyndale+Hector.png" width="145" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hector Tyndale</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The second is Geary’s “new” brigade.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was only part of Williams’ division for
five weeks until reassigned to Augur’s division.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Both Augur and Geary were wounded at Cedar
Mountain on August 9, 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This paved
the way for George Greene to assume temporary divisional command and George
Candy to replace the wounded Geary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Candy was not in command of this brigade however at the battle of
Antietam. For the two-day period of September 17 – 18 1862 Hector Tyndale
commanded this unit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The brigade
advanced with other elements of George Greene division to the Dunker Church
plateau.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After Antietam, William’s division would receive a new
“second” brigade of green soldiers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At
Fredericksburg, this brigade was commanded by Thomas L. Kane and consisted of
the 20<sup>th</sup> Connecticut, 123<sup>rd</sup> New York, and the 124<sup>th</sup>
and 125<sup>th</sup> Pennsylvania.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While Alpheus Williams division only consisted of two
brigades at Antietam, brigades previously associated with his command were not
far away on the bloody northern flank of the battlefield.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
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<!--[endif]-->
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: Cambria; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This corps should not be confused with the provisional Fifth Corps that
McClellan later created on the Peninsula.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
</div>
Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3202206756122982360.post-12117844633747251752016-03-09T17:16:00.002-05:002016-03-09T17:20:01.743-05:00Roommates<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Assistant
Marshall Peter Cannon was responsible for enumerating the 1850 census in the
village of Cornwall, Orange County New York.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>On October 22, 1850, he arrived at a dwelling he listed as number 538 in
his record.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seven young army officers live there ranging in age from 23 to 29.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They
were all junior members of the faculty of the United States Military at West
Point. Cannon started a new page in his census book and added the following
names:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ziqSFj0RiaxMlTKPPz06oc-ge8V9XZhKahLsRtBLajRmCD2lP3W3XPQRyDVav5MnPj9I33wF3_svlGx-1XpIFknq4fwZ88sYwbQ34gxe1qS4y_C4gqWikaW17Fub2p-pmThoIRG_nU3T/s1600/Census+West+Point+1850+pg19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1ziqSFj0RiaxMlTKPPz06oc-ge8V9XZhKahLsRtBLajRmCD2lP3W3XPQRyDVav5MnPj9I33wF3_svlGx-1XpIFknq4fwZ88sYwbQ34gxe1qS4y_C4gqWikaW17Fub2p-pmThoIRG_nU3T/s400/Census+West+Point+1850+pg19.jpg" width="311" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">1850 Census Record for Cornwall Village</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Fitz-John
Porter, age 26 was born in New Hampshire.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Porter is a first lieutenant in the 4<sup>th</sup> Artillery. He was
twice brevetted for gallantry (to Major) in Mexico at Molino del Rey and Chapultepec. His
assignment at the Military Academy is </span><span style="color: #000053; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";">Assistant Instructor of Artillery</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">. He graduated from West Point five years
ago in 1845.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">George B.
McClellan, age 23 was born in Pennsylvania.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>McClellan is a second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was twice brevetted for gallantry (to Captain) in
Mexico at Contreras and Chapultepec.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>McClellan commands the company of engineer troops at West Point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He graduated from the Academy four years ago in
1846.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Francis Clarke,
age 29 born was born in New York.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Clarke
is a first lieutenant in the 4<sup>th</sup> Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The longest serving officer in this dwelling, Clarke graduated
from the Academy in 1840. He has spent nine of the next ten years as an instructor
there.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At the time of the 1850 census,
Clarke has risen to be Principal Assistant Professor of Chemistry</span><span style="color: #000053; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";">, Mineralogy,
and Geology.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">James Duane,
age 26 was also born in New York.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Duane
is a brevet second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Graduated just two years earlier in 1848,
Duane never left the Academy and at the time of the census serves in the elite </span><span style="color: #000053; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";">company of
Sappers, Miners, and Pontoniers possibly under McClellan’s command.</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Charles T.
Baker, age 29 was born in Connecticut.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Baker is a first lieutenant in the 6<sup>th</sup> Infantry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>An 1842 graduate, Baker initially served in
Florida and on the western frontier but has been stationed at the Military
Academy since 1845. He did not see action in Mexico.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Baker’s assignment at the Military Academy
is Assistant Instructor of Infantry Tactics.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Truman Seymour,
age 26 was born in Vermont.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seymour is a first lieutenant in the 1<sup>st</sup> Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was another Mexican War veteran twice
brevetted (to Captain) for gallantry at Cerro Gordo and Contreras.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seymour is a classmate of McClellan also
graduating from West Point in 1846.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
talented artist, Seymour serves at West Point as the </span><span style="color: #000053; mso-bidi-font-family: "Palatino Linotype";">Assistant
Professor of Drawing</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">The last man
enumerated and the only southerner in the house is Edmund K. Smith.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Smith was 26 years old and born in
Florida.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Known as “Kirby,” he was a
first lieutenant in the 7<sup>th</sup> Infantry.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Smith graduated from West Point in 1845 with
Porter and was immediately dispatched to Zachary Taylor’s Army of Occupation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He earned two brevets for gallantry (to Captain) under
Winfield Scott at Cerro Gordo and Contreras. Smith is an Assistant Professor
of Mathematics at West Point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Also living at
this dwelling is Joshua Holmes and his wife Jane.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The couple, both 39 years of age, were born
in England.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>They have two sons and two
daughters Jane (age 14), James (age 11), Emma (age 8) and Alfred. (age 6).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The children were all born in New York. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> (</span>There is some evidence that one if not both of
the boys enlisted in the Union Army during the Civil War.)<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr. Holmes identifies himself as a
laborer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perhaps he worked at the
Academy while his wife rears four children and keeps house for seven young
officers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">We don’t
remember these men as young bachelors living together under one roof.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We don’t think of them indulging in all the
things that young men in their 20s indulge in. We may not think to regard four of them
as very young combat veterans of the Mexican War - exactly the same age as the
young American soldiers whom today return from the wars of the 21st century.
We probably don’t envision them playing with the Holmes children after a
day in the classroom or on the drill field. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Our view of
them is based not on who they were in 1850 but on who they were in the next war
some eleven years in the future. In 1850 they were all still relatively unknown.
Who of them could envision that in twelve years the youngest of their
group would stand at the center stage of American military and political
affairs commanding the nation's most important army, in the bloodiest conflict
in our history?<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
This would not be a foreign war like the one just completed in
Mexico.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It would be a civil war that
would tear north and south apart.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Another of the roommates would emerge as the trusted lieutenant of that future
army commander. This man would ably lead a corps in the terrible battles of the
summer and autumn of 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From those
heights of military accomplishment, he would descend just weeks later to become the defendant in a politically orchestrated court martial that would destroy his
army career and set him on a lifelong path to seek redemption. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Who would know then
that another roommate would be hailed as a hero of the first battle in that
terrible future war at an unfinished fort in the harbor of Charleston South
Carolina? This man would also fight with the first two as a brigade commander at
a bloody battle in Maryland twelve years later.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Two other
roommates would be on that field as well.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>One, an accomplished gunner would lead seven batteries of light artillery
in some of the toughest and bloodiest fighting of the day.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The other, one of the finest engineers in the
army, would receive the key assignment to find a ford on a creek around the
flank of formidable enemy defenses.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
ford he selected and his subsequent actions would significantly affect the
outcome of the day’s fighting and remain controversial till the present day.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Surprisingly, one
of the two officers with the longest length of service would play no role in
the upcoming Civil War.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His resignation
from the army a little over a year later would begin his a career as a farmer in
Connecticut.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">Maybe most
unlikely was the idea at the time that one of these roommates would violate his
sacred oath of appointment and take up arms against the United States.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This man twelve years later, would be one of
the first two officers elevated to the rank of lieutenant general in the
Confederate Army and the last to surrender a major command of that same army at
Galveston Texas, six weeks after Lee surrendered at Appomattox.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri;">That is in the
future.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those men just described are
older, more serious versions of the seven men now living with the Holmes family
in the village of Cornwall in Orange County New York.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For now, they are simply seven young army
officer’s serving as junior faculty members or staff at the United States
Military Academy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All have promising
futures.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>None of them know what lies in
store. It is October 22, 1850 and Assistant Marshal Peter Cannon is at the door.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br />
<div id="edn1" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="mso-endnote-id: edn1;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
According to the Civil War Database, there is only one Alfred Holmes from New
York in the entire database.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>His age is
off by two years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He enlisted in 1864 in
Company G, 15<sup>th</sup> NY Heavy Artillery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He shortly thereafter transferred into the Navy.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While there are 28 “James Holmes” entries
from New York who served in New York outfits, there is one intriguing
possibility.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>James Holmes enlisted on
May 9, 1861 in Company A, 15<sup>th</sup> Engineers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was a specialized unit specifically
recruited and trained as engineers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Given the Holme’s family proximity to West Point and its renown as an
engineer school, is it possible that one of the engineer officers who lived
with the Holmes family assisted young James in enlisting in this very elite engineer
unit?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="mso-endnote-id: edn2;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[2]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
George B. McClellan (1826-1885) commanded the Army of the Potomac from July
1861 to November 1862. On November 1, 1861 he succeeded Winfield Scott as
commander in chief of the United States Army. He held that post until relieved
by President Lincoln on March 11, 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He was the 1864 candidate of the Democratic party for President of the
United States.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="mso-endnote-id: edn3;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[3]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Fitz-John Porter (1822-1901) commanded the Fifth Corps, Army of the Potomac at
Antietam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was relieved of corps
command and arrested on November 25, 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Tried by general court martial for disobedience and misconduct at Second
Bull Run, Porter was dismissed from the Army on January 21 1863.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He spent the next 14 years fighting to
vindicate himself.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In 1878 the Schofield
Commission exonerated Porter of the charges but it took an additional eight
years for President Arthur to commute Porter’s sentence and restore him to the
rank of Colonel in the United States Army. <o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="mso-endnote-id: edn4;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[4]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Truman Seymour (1824-1891) commanded Company H, 1<sup>st</sup> US Artillery during
the battle at Fort Sumter in April 1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>After the garrison surrendered, he returned to a hero’s welcome in New
York.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At Antietam, Seymour commanded a
brigade of the Pennsylvania Reserves that started the fighting in the East
Woods on September 16.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Seymour retired
from the Army in 1876 and eventually moved to Florence Italy where he took up
painting.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He died and was buried there
in 1891.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="mso-endnote-id: edn5;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[5]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Francis Clarke (1820-1866) was the Chief of Artillery of the Second Corps at
Antietam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He died shortly after the end
of the war.<o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="mso-endnote-id: edn6;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[6]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
James Duane (1824-1897) commanded the regular army engineer battalion at
Antietam.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was ordered to find a ford
on the Antietam Creek along the Union Army’s left flank that the Ninth Corps
could advance across to outflank the Confederate defenses. He ended his career
in the United States Army as a brigadier general and Chief of Engineers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
</div>
<div id="edn7" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="mso-endnote-id: edn7;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[7]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Charles T. Baker (1822-1881) served an additional year at West Point only to
resign from the Army on December 31 1851.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He returned to his hometown at Windham CT and took<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>up farming there. While I could not find a
record of subsequent service in the Civil War, there is a GAR placard on his
grave at Windham Center Cemetery.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div id="edn8" style="mso-element: endnote;">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3202206756122982360#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="mso-endnote-id: edn8;" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="mso-special-character: footnote;"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "cambria"; font-size: 12.0pt;">[8]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></span></a>
Edmund Kirby Smith (1824-1893) resigned from the U.S. Army on April 6,
1861.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While five of his former roommates
confronted Robert E. Lee’s army in the Maryland, Smith lead another army into
Kentucky in the fall of 1862. He defeated a federal force at Richmond Kentucky
on August 30 1862.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On October 9, 1862 he
along with James Longstreet became the first two officers promoted to the newly
created rank of lieutenant general in the Confederate Army.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Thomas Jackson’s effective date of promotion
was not until October 10, 1862.)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Smith
commanded Confederate forces in the Trans-Mississippi for the second half of
the war and surrendered the Confederacy’s last army-level command at Galveston
Texas on May 26 1865.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Jim Rosebrockhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16265389768045833247noreply@blogger.com1